Posterolateral Elbow Dislocation with Ipsilateral Fractures of Head and Distal End Radius

Elbow dislocation associated with ipsilateral fracture head and distal end radius is a rare pattern of Injury, although it is common for elbow dislocation and radius fractures to occur separately. We report a case of 35 year-old male who had a posterolateral elbow dislocation with ipsilateral fractures of head and distal end radius that underwent closed reduction and POP application and outcome is excellent with 9 months of follow-up

Tetramethylguanidine (TMG)-catalysed Synthesis of α-Aminophosphonates by a One-pot Reaction

Aldimines (Schiff’s bases) undergo nucleophilic addition with diethyl/dimethyl/diphenylphosphite (Pudovik reaction) in the presence of a catalytic amount of tetramethylguanidine (TMG) at ambient temperature to afford the corresponding α-aminophosphonates in high yields. The Schiff’s bases were prepared by reacting cinnamaldehyde with substituted amines in refluxing absolute alcohol. The structures of the title compounds were established by elemental analysis and IR, 1H, 13C, 31PNMR and FAB mass spectral data. The antimicrobial activities of these compounds were evaluated and they exhibited significant antimicrobial activity.KEYWORDS: Imines, α-aminophosphonates, tetramethylguanidine (TMG), dialkyl- and arylphosphites, antimicrobial activity

Patient Record Maintenance Among Private Dental Practitioners in Bangalore City

Aim and Objectives: The aim of the study was to obtain information on documentation of patient record maintenance among private dental practitioners in Bangalore city”. The objective was to assess the knowledge, attitude and behavior regarding documentation and patient record maintenance among private dental practitioners in Bangalore city. Method: A self- administered questionnaire survey was conducted in August-September 2021 among Dentists engaged in active clinical practices in private clinics/hospitals in Bangalore city, India [ N=470]. Results: A response rate of 86.4% [n=411] was obtained.73% of them were aware of the documentation of patient records as per Laws, Ethics and Jurisprudence act of 1997. 53% of them documented patient records in their clinical practice and 64% mentioned that only they have access to patient records.13% mentioned that they include patient consent as a part of documentation. Although 73% of them said that they were aware of all the guidelines, a large proportion of respondents lack knowledge about the minimum time period for which patient records should be maintained in their possession. 21% of them felt that patient record keeping is not necessary and the most common problem cited for documentation of patient records was lack of time to give attention to the records. Conclusion: Dentists needs more information and should spare more time for documentation of patient records

Synthesis of Dinaphtho-dioxaphosphocin-8-oxides, Epoxides and Bisphosphonates

Preparation of 8-substituted-16H-dinaphtho [2,1-d:1’,2’-g] [1,3,2] dioxaphosphocin 8-oxides (5a–g) with an eight-membered phosphorus heterocyclic system (2) and their epoxides and bisphosphonates was accomplished by reacting 8-bromo-dinaphthophosphocin (2) with different mono and bis Grignard reagents (3a–g and 6) followed by oxidation with H2O2. Their structures were confirmed by elemental and spectral (1H, 13C and 31P NMR) data analysis. Some of these compounds are found to possess moderate antimicrobial activity.KEYWORDS: Dioxaphosphocin 8-oxides, dioxaphosphocin bisphosphonates, antimicrobial activity

Establishing inoculum threshold levels for Bean common mosaic virus strain blackeye cowpea mosaic infection in cowpea seed

Bean common mosaic virus strain blackeye cowpea mosaic (BCMV-BlCM) is an important seed-borne virus infecting cowpea and is transmitted both by seeds and aphids. Infected cowpea seeds can act as primary source of inoculum for disease epidemics. Four field experiments were conducted during 2003 - 2006 to assess the role of different amounts of seed-borne inoculum in the dissemination of BCMVBlCM virus in cowpea under field conditions. The identity of BCMV-BlCM was confirmed by ELISA and IC-RT-PCR. Plants infected at an early growth stage appeared to serve as the primary source for subsequent virus spread by aphids. The mean disease incidence during four field experiments reached88-93% in plots sown with 10% infected seed. The disease incidence in plots sown with 5% infected seed recorded 46-63% while for plants raised from 3 and 2% BCMV-BlCM seed infection, disease incidence reached 32-49% and 17-23%, respectively. Mean yield losses in terms of seed yield per plant from four field experiments were 74 and 54% for initial seed infection of 10 and 5%, respectively. Seed infection of 2% BCMV-BlCM incidence resulted in an average of 24% mean seed yield loss/plant-1. The infection appeared to decrease the seed yield in terms of number and size. The BCMV incidence in harvested seed ranged from 0.3 - 19% for the different levels of initial seed infection. The field experiments demonstrated that sowing > 1% BCMV-BlCM infected seed can lead to significant losses in grain yield, while the spread of BCMV-BlCM infection resulting from sowing 1% infected seed did not significantly decrease seed yield. The role of establishing damage or inoculum thresholds from BCMVBlCM seed-borne infections is discussed in the present study.Keywords: Cowpea, potyvirus, seed-borne virus, thresholds, yield los

Mould incidence and mycotoxin contamination in freshly harvested maize kernels originated from India

BACKGROUND: In this study, mould incidence and mycotoxin contamination were determined in freshly harvested maize samples collected from different agroclimatic regions of India. A total of 150 freshly harvested maize samples from major maize-growing areas of India (Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamilnadu) were collected during winter seasons 2010-2011 and 2011-2012 to determine their toxigenic fungal incidences, and mycotoxins were analyzed and quantified by high-perfomance liquid chromatography. A total of 288 fungal isolates comprising Fusarium, Aspergillus and Penicillium species were tested for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), ochratoxin A (OTA), trichothecenes (deoxynivalenol (DON) and T-2 toxin) and fumonisin B1 (FB1). Chemotype determination of fungal isolates was carried out by molecular and chemical analysis through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and high-performance thin layer chromatography respectively. The diversity and distribution of the mycoflora among the studied samples were recorded in terms of frequency, density, importance value index and diversity indices. RESULTS: A total of 288 fungal isolates were recovered from the 150 maize samples, of which 28 were positive for AFB1, 20 for OTA, 58 for FB1, 23 for DON and 11 for T-2 toxin chemotypes by PCR. Species-specific PCR assays were in line with morphological analysis. Toxigenic fungal incidences were found throughout the study region, and most of the toxins under study exceeded the maximum legal limits. The range of observed toxin concentrations were 48-58 &micro;g AFB1, 76-123 &micro;g FB1, 38-50 &micro;g T-2, 72-94 &micro;g DON and &lt;5 &micro;g OTA kg(-1) grain sample. CONCLUSION: Owing to the high incidences of toxigenic moulds and mycotoxins in the study area, there is a need for the creation of mycotoxin awareness among maize farmers of India to control the chronic adverse health effects on humans and livestock due to mycotoxins.</p

Anterior ankle arthroscopy, distraction or dorsiflexion?

Anterior ankle arthroscopy can basically be performed by two different methods; the dorsiflexion- or distraction method. The objective of this study was to determine the size of the anterior working area for both the dorsiflexion and distraction method. The anterior working area is anteriorly limited by the overlying anatomy which includes the neurovascular bundle. We hypothesize that in ankle dorsiflexion the anterior neurovascular bundle will move away anteriorly from the ankle joint, whereas in ankle distraction the anterior neurovascular bundle is pulled tight towards the joint, thereby decreasing the safe anterior working area. Six fresh frozen ankle specimens, amputated above the knee, were scanned with computed tomography. Prior to scanning the anterior tibial artery was injected with contrast fluid and subsequently each ankle was scanned both in ankle dorsiflexion and in distraction. A special device was developed to reproducibly obtain ankle dorsiflexion and distraction in the computed tomography scanner. The distance between the anterior border of the inferior tibial articular facet and the posterior border of the anterior tibial artery was measured. The median distance from the anterior border of the inferior tibial articular facet to the posterior border of the anterior tibial artery in ankle dorsiflexion and distraction was 0.9 cm (range 0.7–1.5) and 0.7 cm (range 0.5–0.8), respectively. The distance in ankle dorsiflexion significantly exceeded the distance in ankle distraction (P = 0.03). The current study shows a significantly increased distance between the anterior distal tibia and the overlying anterior neurovascular bundle with the ankle in a slightly dorsiflexed position as compared to the distracted ankle position. We thereby conclude that the distracted ankle position puts the neurovascular structures more at risk for iatrogenic damage when performing anterior ankle arthroscopy

Identifying sources, pathways and risk drivers in ecosystems of Japanese Encephalitis in an epidemic-prone north Indian district

Japanese Encephalitis (JE) has caused repeated outbreaks in endemic pockets of India. This study was conducted in Kushinagar, a highly endemic district, to understand the human-animal-ecosystem interactions, and the drivers that influence disease transmission. Utilizing the ecosystems approach, a cross-sectional, descriptive study, employing mixed methods design was employed. Four villages (two with pig-rearing and two without) were randomly selected from a high, a medium and a low burden (based on case counts) block of Kushinagar. Children, pigs and vectors were sampled from these villages. A qualitative arm was incorporated to explain the findings from the quantitative surveys. All human serum samples were screened for JE-specific IgM using MAC ELISA and negative samples for JE RNA by rRT-PCR in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In pigs, IgG ELISA and rRT-PCR for viral RNA were used. Of the 242 children tested, 24 tested positive by either rRT-PCR or MAC ELISA; in pigs, 38 out of the 51 pigs were positive. Of the known vectors, Culex vishnui was most commonly isolated across all biotopes. Analysis of 15 blood meals revealed human blood in 10 samples. Univariable analysis showed that gender, religion, lack of indoor residual spraying of insecticides in the past year, indoor vector density (all species), and not being vaccinated against JE in children were significantly associated with JE positivity. In multivariate analysis, only male gender remained as a significant risk factor. Based on previous estimates of symptomatic: asymptomatic cases of JE, we estimate that there should have been 618 cases from Kushinagar, although only 139 were reported. Vaccination of children and vector control measures emerged as major control activities; they had very poor coverage in the studied villages. In addition, lack of awareness about the cause of JE, lack of faith in the conventional medical healthcare system and multiple referral levels causing delay in diagnosis and treatment emerged as factors likely to result in adverse clinical outcomes

Oligodendrocytes Do Not Export NAA-Derived Aspartate In Vitro.

Oligodendroglial cells are known to de-acetylate the N-acetylaspartate (NAA) synthesized and released by neurons and use it for lipid synthesis. However, the role of NAA regarding their intermediary metabolism remains poorly understood. Two hypotheses were proposed regarding the fate of aspartate after being released by de-acetylation: (1) aspartate is metabolized in the mitochondria of oligodendrocyte lineage cells; (2) aspartate is released to the medium. We report here that aspartoacylase mRNA expression increases when primary rat oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) differentiate into mature cells in culture. Moreover, characterising metabolic functions of acetyl coenzyme A and aspartate from NAA catabolism in mature oligodendrocyte cultures after 5 days using isotope-labelled glucose after 5-days of differentiation we found evidence of extensive NAA metabolism. Incubation with [1,6-13C]glucose followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography analyses of cell extracts and media in the presence and absence of NAA established that the acetate moiety produced by hydrolysis of NAA does not enter mitochondrial metabolism in the form of acetyl coenzyme A. We also resolved the controversy concerning the possible release of aspartate to the medium: aspartate is not released to the medium by oligodendrocytes in amounts detectable by our methods. Therefore we propose that: aspartate released from NAA joins the cytosolic aspartate pool rapidly and takes part in the malate-aspartate shuttle, which transports reducing equivalents from glycolysis into the mitochondria for ATP production and enters the tricarboxylic acid cycle at a slow rate.This work was supported by grants from the UK Multiple Sclerosis Society and from Qatar Foundation. The work was further supported by core funding from the Wellcome Trust and MRC to the Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute. The authors acknowledge the excellent technical support in GC-MS and HPLC analysis from Lars Evje (NTNU, Norway).This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from Springer at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11064-016-1985-y

A cost-effective heuristic to schedule local and remote memory in cluster computers

Cluster computers represent a cost-effective alternative solution to supercomputers. In these systems, it is common to constrain the memory address space of a given processor to the local motherboard. Constraining the system in this way is much cheaper than using a full-fledged shared memory implementation among motherboards. However, memory usage among motherboards can be unfairly balanced. On the other hand, remote memory access (RMA) hardware provides fast interconnects among the motherboards of a cluster. RMA devices can be used to access remote RAM memory from a local motherboard. This work focuses on this capability in order to achieve a better global use of the total RAM memory in the system. More precisely, the address space of local applications is extended to remote motherboards and is used to access remote RAM memory. This paper presents an ideal memory scheduling algorithm and proposes a cost-effective heuristic to allocate local and remote memory among local applications. Compared to the devised ideal algorithm, the heuristic obtains the same (or closely resembling) results while largely reducing the computational cost. In addition, we analyze the impact on the performance of stand alone applications varying the memory distribution among regions (local, local to board, and remote). Then, this study is extended to any number of concurrent applications. Experimental results show that a QoS parameter is needed in order to avoid unacceptable performance degradation. © 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.This work was supported by Spanish CICYT under Grant TIN2009-14475-C04-01 and by Consolider-Ingenio under Grant CSD2006-00046.Serrano Gómez, M.; Sahuquillo Borrás, J.; Petit Martí, SV.; Hassan Mohamed, H.; Duato Marín, JF. (2012). A cost-effective heuristic to schedule local and remote memory in cluster computers. 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