Parasites and immunotherapy: with or against?

Immunotherapy is a sort of therapy in which antibody or antigen administrates to the patient in order to treat or reduce the severity of complications of disease. This kind of treatment practiced in a wide variety of diseases including infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders, cancers and allergy. Successful and unsuccessful immunotherapeutic strategies have been practiced in variety of parasitic infections. On the other hand parasites or parasite antigens have also been considered for immunotherapy against other diseases such as cancer, asthma and multiple sclerosis. In this paper immunotherapy against common parasitic infections, and also immunotherapy of cancer, asthma and multiple sclerosis with parasites or parasite antigens have been reviewe

Isolation and characterization of eight polymorphic microsatellite markers from South American limpets of the Nacella species complex

In this study we provide eight polymorphic microsatellite markers for the two South American patel- logastropods Nacella magellanica and N. deaurata. Allelic diversity ranged from 5 to 57 alleles per locus. Observed heterozygosity varied between 0.1 and 0.98. Three of the four loci designed for N. magellanica cross-amplified also with N. deaurata, and two loci vice versa. Six of the microsatellites successfully cross-amplified with the sister taxon N. mytilina. This set of microsatellites provides a suitable tool for population genetic and phylogeographic studies

Genetic relationships between Atlantic and Pacific populations of the notothenioid fish Eleginops maclovinus: the footprints of Quaternary glaciations in Patagonia

The genetic relationships between the Pacific and the Atlantic populations of marine coastal biota in Southern South America have been analyzed in few studies, most of them relying on a single mitochondrial locus. We analyzed 10 polymorphic microsatellite loci, isolated from a dinucleotide-enriched Eleginops maclovinus genomic library, in a total of 240 individuals (48 from each of 5 sampled sites: 2 Atlantic, 2 Pacific and 1 in Beagle Channel). The results were contrasted against a previous work on the same species with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Observed heterozygosity within localities ranged from 0.85 to 0.88 with the highest overall number of alleles observed at the northernmost locality on the Pacific side (Concepción), but no clear geographic pattern arose from the data. On the other hand, the number of private alleles was negatively correlated with latitude (Spearman's rs test, P= 0.017). Among-population variance was low but significant (1.35%; Po0.0001, analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA)) and low genetic differentiation between populations was observed (pairwise FST values ranged from 0 to 0.021). A Mantel test revealed a significant correlation between geographic distances and FST (r= 0.56, P= 0.047). This could be partially accounted by the Atlantic versus Pacific population differentiation detected in three different analyses (STRUCTURE, SAMOVA (Spatial Analysis of MOlecular VAriance) and a population phylogeny). The observed pattern is compatible with a history of separation into two glacial refugia that was better captured by the multilocus microsatellite data than by the mtDNA analysis.Fil: Ceballos, Santiago Guillermo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego; ArgentinaFil: Lessa, E. P.. Universidad de la Republica; UruguayFil: Licandeo, R.. University Of British Columbia; CanadáFil: Fernandez, Daniel Alfredo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego; Argentin