The uraemic hypertensive patient. a therapeutic challenge-right you are (if you think so)

High blood pressure (BP) is a leading cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and at the same time represents its most frequent complication. High BP is an independent risk factor for advanced CKD; on the other hand, at least 40% of patients with normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and virtually all patients with GFR <30 mL/min are hypertensive. CKD and microalbuminuria are powerful risk factors for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Consequently, in uraemic hypertension, it is of utmost importance to carefully manage both high BP and microalbuminuria, in order to slow down the progression of kidney damage and to reduce the incidence of cardiovascular events. The first purpose of the medical treatment in hypertensive patients is to normalize BP, regardless of the drug used. Nevertheless, some drugs have an 'additional' nephroprotective effect at the same BP target achieved. In this regard, first-line drugs are definitely renin-angiotensin-aldosterone inhibitors, mainly for their proved efficacy in reducing hypertension-related kidney damage and proteinuria. Anyway, a combined approach (two or more drugs) is usually needed to achieve the optimal BP target and reduce the worsening of CKD

The Correlation Between the Oviposition of Aedes Sp. and the Features of a House

Aedes aegypti mosquitoes exhibit specific behavior when choosing their nest. This study was conducted on April 2021 and aimed to assess the correlation between the oviposition habit of female Aedes sp. and the features of a house in 34 adjacent houses in the Tamansari area. Ovitraps were placed indoors and outdoors at each house. The number of mosquitoes that laid eggs were estimated by dividing the number of eggs found in the ovitrap by the average number of eggs produced by female mosquitoes. Data about the features of the houses were obtained by observing the houses and interviewing the house owners. Results showed that 79.41% of the houses had the Aedes sp.’s egg in an ovitrap. There was a correlation between the number of indoor oviposition mosquitoes and the number of occupants (p=0.04; r=0.35). There was also a correlation between the number of outdoor oviposition mosquitoes and the ratio of the house’s area (m2) per number of occupants (p=0.03; r=0.36). We conclude that mosquitoes prefer to nest inside a house with a lot of occupants and prefer to nest outside a house that is spacious and has few residents. Keywords: aedes, house, ovipositio

Brixia Score for Predicting Mortality and Length of Stay in COVID-19 Confirmed Patients at the Hospital in Bandung

On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 pandemic. This disease damages the lung and resulting mild to severe pneumonia. This study aimed to determine the value of the Brixia score for predicting mortality and length of stay of COVID-19 confirmed patients. The study design was case-control with secondary data from digital medical records of COVID-19 confirmed patients (December 2020 to February 2021). All patients' chest x-rays (CXR) were scored using the Brixia score. Logistic regression and the Spearman rank correlation test were used to identify mortality and length of stay predictors. There were 636 subjects included in this study, with the proportion of deceased patients (case group) being 20.3% (95% CI=17.33, 23.59%). Most CXR findings had signs of pneumonia (95.1%), including ground-glass opacities (GGOs) mixed with consolidation. The distribution of GGOs and consolidation were most frequent in the peripheral of survived patients (83.9%), while the deceased group had peripheral involvements mixed with medial (45.0%) and bilateral (22.2%). The mean Brixia score in the group of decease patients was significantly higher than the group of survived patients (11.95 vs 6.73, p=0.00). Brixia score had an OR of 1.14, 95% CI=1.07, 1.21 after adjusting by age, SpO2 level, and comorbid. The chance of dying was higher than 50% if the Brixia score reached to score of 15 (probability=49%, 95% CI=41, 56%). However, the Brixia score has no significant correlation with length of stay (rho=0.05, p=0.24). In conclusion, the CXR Brixia score can predict mortality, but it can not predict the length of stay of hospitalized COVID-19 confirmed patients

PERILAKU PEMILIH PEREMPUAN PADA PEMILU LEGISLATIF TAHUN 2009 DI KABUPATEN KOLAKA UTARA

Penulisan skripsi ini dimaksudkan untuk memberikan gambaran objektif tentang perilaku politik perempuan, dalam hal ini pilihan politik perempuan dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pilihan politik tersebut. Pilihan politik perempuan dimaksudkan sebagai pilihan atau pemberian suara terhadap pemilu legislatif tahun 2009 di Kabupaten Kolaka Utara. Selain itu, pilihan politik mencakup informasi dan pengetahuan seputar pemilihan yang diterima perempuan dan menjadi landasan ketika menggunakan hak pilihnya.\ud Perilaku politik dirumuskan sebagai kegiatan yang berkenaan dengan proses pembuatan dan pelaksanaan keputusan politik yang melibatkan warga negara biasa atau mengambil keputusan. Dalam hal ini, perempuan sebagai warga negara biasa yang ikut dalam kegiatan yaitu pemilihan calon legislatif. Perempuan yang terlibat dalam hal ini memiliki pilihan-pilihan politik untuk menjatuhkan pilihan politiknya kepada kandidat, ataupun tidak menggunakan hak pilihnya sesuai dengan informasi dan pemahamannya.\ud Dalam pembahasan tentang perilaku politik perempuan dalam hal ini pilihan politik perempuan, kerangka konseptual dimasukkan teori pilihan rasional serta pendekatan sosiologis dan psikologis dalam melihat faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pilihan politik perempuan.\ud Pada pemilihan legislatif di Kolaka Utara tahun 2009, pemilih perempuan memiliki konteks yang berbeda-beda. Tiap perempuan memiliki lingkungan sosial dan proses sosialisasi yang berbeda-beda pula. Dalam sosialisasi lingkungan sosial perempuan, terjadi penyerapan nilai-nilai dan informasi yang diterima. Selain itu tingkat pendidikan sangat berkorelasi dengan akses informasi yang dipengaruhi bangunan pengetahuannya.\ud Tipe penelitian yang dipergunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah deskriptif analisis, yaitu penampakan secara jelas dan menganalisa pilihan politik perempuan. Dasar penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif.\ud Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada pemilihan legislatif tahun 2009 di Kabupaten Kolaka Utara, kondisi tiap perempuan tidaklah sama. Terdapat perempuan yang menggunakan hak pilihnya berdasarkan informasi dan rasionalitas. Selain itu terdapat pula perempuan yang menggunakan hak pilihnya tapi memiliki informasi yang sangat minim terhadap pemilihan ini. Pilihan politik perempuan dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor sosial, proses sosialisasi dan kepentingan juga mempengaruhi pilihan politik perempuan

The Use of Ovitrap and the Female <i>Aedes</i> sp. Density in the Tamansari Village of Bandung City

Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) incidence in Indonesia, which become one of the mortality causes, is relatively high. Therefore, the government launched the mosquito nest eradication (MNE) movement with an indicator of the larva-free rate to reduce the incidence of DHF. Another effort in vector control is using ovitrap to break the life chain of dengue vectors. This study aimed to determine the effect of using ovitrap on the female Aedes sp. density in the Tamansari village area of Bandung city. This quantitative experimental study was conducted on 60 houses in two neighborhood associations in the Tamansari village area. Both community groups were assessed for ovitrap index and the number of eggs trapped on ovitrap filter paper before and after treatment. The treatment group consisting of 30 houses was given one ovitrap inside and one ovitrap outside the house for four weeks. Ovitrap is changed every five days. The second group is the control community. The data obtained were analyzed using the Wilcoxon and chi-square tests with a degree of confidence of 0.05. In this study, the ovitrap index of this area was found between 0.67–0.80, which indicates that this area is at high risk of DHF transmission. Statistical tests showed that the use of ovitrap did not affect female Aedes sp. density as assessed by the ovitrap index. The results showed that using ovitrap could not control the population of Aedes sp

Pimentas do gênero Capsicum cultivadas em Roraima, Amazônia Brasileira. I. Espécies domesticadas

Foram inventariadas as pimentas domesticadas do gênero Capsicum que são cultivadas no Estado de Roraima, extremo norte da Amazônia brasileira. O levantamento foi realizado em comunidades indígenas e não indígenas. Dos 163 acessos registrados, C. chinense Jacq. (76,7%) foi a espécie com o maior número, seguida de C. frutescens L. (9,8%), C. annuum L. (8,0%) e C. baccatum v. pendulum Wild. (5,5%). As formas de fruto mais encontradas foram "alongada" (42,9%) e "ovalada" (27,0%). C. chinense apresentou a maior diversidade de formas enquanto que as demais estavam concentradas na forma "alongada". A cor predominante dos frutos maduros foi a vermelha (64,4%). Isoladamente, C. chinense foi melhor distribuída entre as cores básicas amarela (44,8%) e vermelha (55,2%), independente das diferentes tonalidades assumidas por cada acesso (alaranjado, vermelho-escuro, etc). O nível de pungência sensorial com maior número de registros foi o "alto" (62,6%), seguido do "médio" (16,0%), "baixo" (15,3%) e "muito alto" (6,1%). Dos 105 acessos de coloração vermelha, 67,6% possuía pungência "alta" ou "muito alta". C. chinense do tipo "murupi" e "olho-de-peixe", juntamente com "malagueta" (C. frutescens) são os morfotipos mais tradicionalmente consumidos entre as comunidades indígenas locais

Capsicum Peppers Cultivated in Roraima, Brazilian Amazonia. I. Domestic Species

Domesticated pepper species of the genus Capsicum cultivated in Roraima State, northern Brazilian Amazonia were surveyed. We collected 163 accessions of this group among small farmers (colonists) and indigenous communities. Capsicum chinense Jacq. (76.7%) was the species with largest number of accessions, followed by C. frutescens L. (9.8%), C. annuum L. (8.0%) and C. baccatum v. pendulum Wild. (5.5%). Main fruit shapes were "long" (42.9%) and "oval" (27.0%). C. chinense presented the largest diversity in forms while the other species showed mainly the "long" shape. The predominant color of mature fruits was red (64.4%). C. chinense presented a better distribution among the basic colors (yellow - 44.8% and red - 55.2%), without considering the different tonalities of individual accessions (orange, dark red etc). The sensorial pungency leves were "high" (62.6%), followed by "medium" (16.0%), "low" (15.3%) and "very high" (6.1%). Within the 105 accessions of red coloration 67.6% possessed "high" or "very high" pungency. C. chinense accessions popularly known as "murupi" and "olho-de-peixe", together with "malagueta" (C. frutescens), are the most traditional types consumed among local indige-nous communities.Foram inventariadas as pimentas domesticadas do gênero Capsicum que são cultivadas no Estado de Roraima, extremo norte da Amazônia brasileira. O levantamento foi realizado em comunidades indígenas e não indígenas. Dos 163 acessos registrados, C. chinense Jacq. (76,7%) foi a espécie com o maior número, seguida de C. frutescens L. (9,8%), C. annuum L. (8,0%) e C. baccatum v. pendulum Wild. (5,5%). As formas de fruto mais encontradas foram "alongada" (42,9%) e "ovalada" (27,0%). C. chinense apresentou a maior diversidade de formas enquanto que as demais estavam concentradas na forma "alongada". A cor predominante dos frutos maduros foi a vermelha (64,4%). Isoladamente, C. chinense foi melhor distribuída entre as cores básicas amarela (44,8%) e vermelha (55,2%), independente das diferentes tonalidades assumidas por cada acesso (alaranjado, vermelho-escuro, etc). O nível de pungência sensorial com maior número de registros foi o "alto" (62,6%), seguido do "médio" (16,0%), "baixo" (15,3%) e "muito alto" (6,1%). Dos 105 acessos de coloração vermelha, 67,6% possuía pungência "alta" ou "muito alta". C. chinense do tipo "murupi" e "olho-de-peixe", juntamente com "malagueta" (C. frutescens) são os morfotipos mais tradicionalmente consumidos entre as comunidades indígenas locais

A Device for Scheduling Irrigation in Fruit Tree Orchards from Sap Flow Readings

Abstract The aim of this work was to design and test a controller (CRP) able to calculate the irrigation dose automatically, suitable for high frequency irrigation in fruit tree orchards. The device consisted of three (replicates) measuring units (MU), a control unit (CU) and a pump and electrovalve controller (PEC). The MUs collected information on the transpiration (E p ) dynamics within the orchard, with the compensation heat-pulse method. Each MU made sap flow readings in one normally-irrigated (NI) tree and in one over-irrigated (OI) tree used for reference. The time course of the E pNI /E pOI ratio was used by the CU for calculating the irrigation dose (ID) daily. The system was programmed to apply a deficit irrigation in which the trees were bound to use part of the readily available water in the soil. Laboratory tests showed a high performance of the CRP for amplifying and filtering output signals from the sap flow probes. The field test showed the CRP was able to collect and handle sap flow data, to calculate ID according to the design algorithm, and to control the pump and electrovalve for supplying the desired ID to the experimental plot. Whether the use of the CRP means an improvement on irrigation scheduling, as compared to standard methods, was not evaluated in this work

Informal Education and Human Rights

The use of informal educative methods (i.e. the use of learners’ social experience and media such as television and films) is thought to help students to explore and understand key concepts of human rights by rooting them in their everyday lives an thus helping them achieve a deep holistic understanding of the topic. This booklet aims to highlight good practice in using informal educative methods in teaching human rights and to make recommendations based upon these methods and ultimately, it is hoped, promote the use of such methods when teaching and discussing human rights. In the first chapter we will define informal education and relate it to the concept of human rights. In the second chapter we describe eleven examples of informal education methods, in order to illustrate some good practices. Finally we offer conclusions and recommendations to give guidance to regular self-evaluation of the quality and intensity in education on human and children’s rights