Deficiências minerais em plantas de bertalha ( Basella alba, L.)

Basella alba is used as a major food on the Amazon region, north Brazil for its high mineral and vitamins content. The purpose of the present work was: a) obtain a clear picture of the macronutrient deficiency; b) growth of the plants in function of (1); c) analyptical levels found in the leaves. Young Basella alba plants (bertalha in Portuguese) were cultivated in pots containing fine pure quartz and irrigated by percolation with different nutrient solutions lacking one of the element at the time. Clear cut symptoms were obtained for all macronutrients. Only the omission of nitrogen and potassium affect the dry matter production of plants. The range in dry matter for unhealthy and healthy leaves were: N% = 1.25--3-55; P% = 0.17-0.36; K% = 0.46-3.55; Ca% = 0,62-1.78; Mg% = 0.37-0.80; S% = 0.19-0.13.Plantas de bertalha (Basella alba, L.) INPA-1 foram cultivadas em casa de vegetação em quartzo moído, irrigadas com soluções nutritivas conforme SARRUGE (1975) e submetidas aos seguintes tratamentos: completo, omissão de N, omissão de P, omissão de K, omissão de Ca, omissão de Mg e omissão de S, com o objetivo de: (a) obter sintomas de deficiência dos ma cronutrientes; (b) analisar o crescimento das plantas através da produção de matéria seca; (c) determinar a concentração dos macronutrientes nas folhas e caules das plantas cultivadas nos diversos tratamentos. Os sintomas visuais de deficiência foram identificados e descritos. As plantas foram coletadas e separadas em raiz, caule, folhas e determinaram-se os teores dos macronutrientes minerais neste material. Os resultados obtidos mostram: - os sintomas visuais de deficiência são bem definidos e de fácil caracterização para todos os nutrientes; - só foi possível detectar efeito na produção de matéria seca das folhas e caules para omissão de nitrogênio e para omissão de potássio nos caules; - os níveis de deficiência e adequação obtidos nas folhas foram respectivamente: N% = 1,25 e 2,63; P% = 0,17 e 0,36; K% = 0,46 e 3,55; Ca% = 0,62e 1,78; Mg% = 0,37 e 0,80; s%= 0,19 e 0,23. - os níveis de deficiência e adequação obtidos nos caules foram respectivamente: N% = 0,67 e 0,98; P% = 0,13 e 0,31; K% = 0,73 e 2,67; Ca% = 0,11 e 0,64; Mg% = 0,08 e 0,20; S% = 0,15 e 0,20

Deficiências de kacronutrientes e de boro em seringueira (Hevea brasiliensis L.)

In order to obtain: a) a clear picture of the deficiencies symptoms of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S and B; b) the lack of the elements on the dry matter production; c) concentration of the macro and micronutrients on the leaves, stems and roots. Young rubber plants (Hevea brasiliensis L.), were cultivated in nutrients solutions, in which one the following elements were omitted at once: N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S and B. Clear out symptoms were obtained for all macronutrients and boron. The growth rate of the rubber plants were drastically affected by lack of N, K followed by other nutrients. The omission of P from the nutrient solution did not affected the growth of the plants. The levels detected by chemical analysis of the leaves from with symptoms of deficiency and without symptoms of deficiency plants were: N% = 1.94 and 3.40: P% =0.14 and 0.25; K% = 0.79 and 2.22; Ca% = 0.59 and 1.28; Mg% = 0.26 and 0.50; S% = 0.10 and 0.10; B ppm = 31-3 and 171.8.Plantas de seringueira (Hevea brasiliensis L.) foram cultivadas em casa de vegetação, em quartzo moído, irrigado com soluções nutritivas, e submetidas aos seguintes tratamentos: completo, omissão de N, omissão de P, omissão de Ca, omissão de Mg, omissão de S e omissão de B, com o objetivo de: (a) obter sintomas de deficiências de macronutrientes e de boro; (b) analisar o crescimento das plantas através da produção de matéria seca; (c) determinar a concentração de macro e micronutrientes nas folhas, caule e raízes das plantas cultivadas nos diversos tratamentos. Os sintomas visuais de deficiência foram identificados e descritos. As plantas foram coletadas e separadas em raiz, caule e folhas, e determinaram-se os teores de macro e micronutrientes . Os resultados mostraram: - foram identificados sintomas de deficiências para todos os tratamentos com omissão de nutrientes (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S e B); - a omissão de N, K, Mg ou B da solução nutritiva diminuiu o crescimento das plantas; - as concentrações dos elementos nas folhas de plantas com sintomas e sem sintomas de deficiência foram, respectivamente: N% = 1,94 e 3,40; P% = 0,14 e 0,25; K% = 0,79 e 2,22; Ca% = 0,59e 1,28; Mg% = 0,26 e 0,50; S% = 0,10 e 0,10; Bppm = 31 ,3 e 171,8

Mineral nutrition of vegetable crops: XXV - Mineral nutrition of new zealand spinach plant (Tetragonia expansa Murr.)

The present work was carried out in order to study: a - the effect of omission and presence of the macronutrients and boron on the growth of the plants; b - deficiency symptoms of macronutrients, as well of boron; c - the effect of the deficiency of each nutrient on the chemical composition of the plants. Young spinach plants were grown in pots containing pure quartz sand. Several times a day the plants were irrigated by percolation with nutrient solutions. The treatments were: complete solution and deficient solution, in which each one of the macronutrients was omitted as well boron. Soon as the malnutrition symptoms appered, the plants were harvested and analysed chemically. - symptoms of malnutrition are easily observed for N, K, Ca and B. - symptoms of malnutrition for P, S and Mg are not easily identified. - the nutrient content, in dry matter, in deficient leaves and healthy leaves is:O trabalho teve como objetivo estudar alguns aspectos da nutrição mineral do espinafre (Tetragonia expansa Murr.) no que concerne: 1 - Efeitos da omissão dos macronutrientes e do boro, na obtenção de um quadro sintomatológico; 2 - Efeitos das carências na produção de matéria seca e composição química da planta. Mudas com trinta dias de idade foram transplantadas para soluções nutritivas carentes nos macronutrientes e/ou em boro. A coleta das plantas foi realizada quando os sintomas de deficiência se tornaram evidentes. No material seco procedeu-se a análise química. Os dados mostram que: 1 - os sintomas visuais de deficiência de N, K, Ca e B apresentam-se bem definidos; sendo que os de P, Mg e S são de difícil caracterização ; 2 - os teores dos nutrientes em plantas sadias e deficientes são

Título en español.

Costs of pineapple production in Puerto Rico are very high. Hand-hoeing of plantations is one of the items which contributes most to increase production expenses. Two experiments were conducted to determine the effectiveness and safeness of CMU for controlling weeds in pineapple fields economically. The results obtained were as follows: 1. Application of CMU at rates of 2, 4, and 6 pounds per acre significantly reduced the weed stand as compared to the control for a 3-month period in both experiments. 2. All CMU concentrations were equally effective in controlling weeds for about a 3-month period in both experiments. 3. No injury resulted from the application of CMU at the various concentrations used 1 month or 6 months after planting the pineapples. Repetition of CMU treatments to plots in the second experiment was not detrimental to the plants.Los costos para producir la piña en Puerto Rico son sumamente altos. Una de las prácticas que más contribuye a mantener los gastos de producción altos es el desyerbo a mano de las plantaciones. En 1954 se llevaron a cabo dos experimentos con el fin de determinar la eficacia y seguridad del CMU para controlar económicamente los yerbajos en las plantaciones de piña. Los resultados fueron los siguientes: 1. Las aplicaciones de CMU a razón de 0, 2, 4 y 6 libras redujeron significativamente el desarrollo de los yerbajos. Esto se comparó con los resultados en las parcelas testigos durante 3 meses en ambos experimentos. 2. Todas las concentraciones de CMU resultaron igualmente eficaces para controlar los yerbajos en ambos experimentos por un periodo de 3 meses. 3. No hubo efecto nocivo a las plantas de piña cuando se aplicó el CMU a distintas concentraciones, ni al mes, ni a los 6 meses después de la siembra. La repetición de los tratamientos de CMU a las parcelas del segundo experimento no fué perjudicial a las plantas de piña

RESPONSES OF RED SPANISH PINEAPPLE TO VARIOUS POTASSIUM LEVELS

An experiment was initiated on December 1963, to determine the effect of various potassium levels upon the growth, chemical composition, fruit yield and quality of the Red Spanish pineapple grown in gravel culture. Composite samples of "D" leaf were obtained at various time intervals during the growing period. The chemical data showed an increase concentration of potassium and a decrease concentration of calcium and magnesium in the foliage, as a result of potassium increments in the nutrient solution. Slips-suckers production, green leaf weight and fresh stem weight increased significantly with addition of potassium. There were significant differences in mean-fruit weight, Brix, and Total acidity of the juice which were affected favourably as a result of increments of potassium in the nutrient solution. However, the fruit-core diameter, fruit-to-crown ratio, crown weight and root weight were not affected significantly

Título en español.

The adsorption capacity of Fluometuron, Prometryne, Sencor, and 2,4-D by 48 local soils was determined spectrophotometrically. The mean adsorptivities of the four herbicides by these soils were as follows: Prometryne 37.0 percent, Sencor 23.0 percent, Fluometuron 22.6 percent, and 2,4-D 12.4 percent. The results indicated that organic matter content was the factor most highly correlated with adsorption of these herbicides by the 48 soils. Cation exchange capacity was found to correlate significantly with adsorption of Fluometuron, Prometryne, and Sencor. Such was not the case with 2,4-D. Correlation between clay content and adsorption of Fluometuron and Sencor was statistically significant. In contrast, no significant correlation was noted between clay content and adsorption of Prometryne and 2,4-D.Se estudió en el laboratorio, usando métodos espectrofotométricos, la capacidad relativa de 48 tipos de suelos de Puerto Rico para adsorber los yerbicidas Fluometuron, Prometryne, Sencor y 2,4-D. Las capacidades promedio de los suelos para adsorber estos cuatro yerbicidas fueron las siguientes: Prometryne 37.0 por ciento, Sencor 23.0 por ciento, Fluometuron 22.6 por ciento y 2,4-D 12.4 por ciento. Los resultados indicaron que el contenido de materia orgánica fue el factor más altamente correlacionado con la capacidad de estos 48 suelos para adsorber los antedichos yerbicidas. Se demostró que existe una correlación positiva entre el intercambio de cationes y la adsorción de Fluometuron, Prometryne y Sencor por los suelos. Sin embargo, no fue así en el caso del 2,4-D. Se determinó que la correlación entre el contenido de arcilla y la adsorción de Fluometuron y Sencor fue estadísticamente significativa. Por contraste, no se notó una correlación significativa entre el contenido de arcilla y la adsorción de Prometryne y 2,4-D

Título en español.

Thirteen soils representing a wide range of physical and chemical properties were used in this study. Four herbicides including Atrazine, Ametryne, Prometryne, and Diuron were applied at a concentration series from 0.5 to 32 p.p.m. to each soil, with the exception of Caño Tiburones soil. Kanota oat (Avena sativa L.) was chosen as an indicator plant. ED50  values were obtained for the various soil types. The result indicated that ED50  values varied greatly with different soil types. Simple, partial, and multiple correlations were made among ED50  values and different soil properties. It was found that the organic matter was the major soil property which contributed chiefly to the phytotoxicity of herbicides. A theoretical relationship between percent soil organic matter and p.p.m.w. of herbicides required for 50-percent fresh-weight reduction of oat was obtained for herbicide dosage-prediction purpose.En este estudio se incluyeron 13 suelos, los cuales tienen una amplia variedad de propiedades físicas y químicas. A cada uno de ellos, excepto el de Caño Tiburones, se le aplicaron cuatro yerbicidas, a saber, Atrazine, Ametryne, Prometryne y Diuron a concentraciones que variaron de 0.5 a 32 p.p.m. Se escogió la variedad Kanota de avena (Avena sativa L.) como planta indicadora. Se obtuvieron valores de ED50 para los distintos suelos. Los resultados indicaron que hubo una gran variación en los valores de ED50, según los diferentes tipos de suelos. Se hicieron correlaciones sencillas, parciales y múltiples entre los valores de ED50 y las diferentes propiedades del suelo. Se encontró que, entre las principales propiedades del suelo, el contenido de materia orgánica fue lo que más contribuyó a la fitotoxicidad de los yerbicidas. Para poder predecir la dosis de yerbicida adecuada, se obtuvo una relación teórica entre el porcentaje de materia orgánica en el suelo y las partes por millón por peso de los yerbicidas que se necesitan para lograr un 50 por ciento de reducción en el peso verde de la avena

Título en español.

An experiment was conducted during 1967 to study leaching characteristics of the herbicides Atrazine, Ametryne, and Prometryne in Aguadilla, Fraternidad, Mabí, and Toa soils. Atrazine, Ametryne and Prometryne were applied at rates of 0, 4, and 20 lb./A to soil columns and leached with 1, 2, 4, and 8 inches of simulated rainfall. Of the triazine chemicals, Atrazine was found to have the greatest downward penetrativity while Prometryne showed the least. The mobility of Ametryne in soil was slightly greater than that of Prometryne. The leaching tendency of Atrazine augmented not only with the increasing rates of herbicides but also with increasing amounts of simulated rainfall. The movement or penetrativity of both Ametryne and Prometryne in the soil was not exactly a function of either rate of application or amount of water. Leaching of these herbicides was most pronounced in Aguadilla soil and least in Mabí soil.En 1967 se hizo un estudio para determinar la capacidad de filtración de los yerbicidas Atrazine, Ametryne y Prometryne en los suelos Aguadilla, Fraternidad, Mabí y Toa. El Atrazine, el Ametryne y el Prometryne se aplicaron a razón de 0, 4 y 20 libras por acre a columnas de tierra y luego fueron lixiviados con 1, 2, 4 y 8 pulgadas de lluvia simulada. Entre las triazinas, el Atrazine demostró la mayor capacidad para penetrar el suelo y el Prometryne la menor. La movilidad del Ametryne fue un poco mayor que la del Prometryne. La tendencia del Atrazine a lixiviarse aumentó no sólo con los niveles de los yerbicidas, sino que también con el aumento de la cantidad de lluvia simulada. El movimiento o capacidad penetrativa en el suelo, tanto del Ametryne como del Prometryne, no fue la función particular de ninguno de los dos factores, a saber, el nivel de las aplicaciones y la cantidad de agua. La lixiviación de estos yerbicidas fue más marcada en el suelo Aguadilla y menos en el Mabí

Título en español.

The effect of Ametryne, Atrazine, Bromacil, Diuron, Fluometuron, Linuron, Prometryne, Terbacil, Trifluralin, and 2,4-D on soil respiration was studied employing the Warburg apparatus. These compounds were used in various concentrations, i.e., 0, 10, 100, and 250 p.p.m. The 10 compounds fell into three categories with regard to their effect on respiration of soil microorganisms: 1. A significant inhibitory effect on oxygen uptake was brought about by adding 2,4-D and Trifluralin to Coto and Fraternidad soils. 2. A weak inhibitory effect on oxygen uptake was noted for low concentrations of Bromacil, Diuron, Trifluralin, and 2,4-D, and for high concentrations of Ametryne, Bromacil, Linuron, and Diuron in soils. 3. A weak to moderate stimulatory effect on oxygen uptake was recorded with low concentrations of Ametryne, Diuron, Fluometuron, 2,4-D and for high concentrations of Atrazine, Linuron, and Terbacil in soils.Se estudiaron los efectos del Ametryne, Atrazine, Bromacil, Fluometuron, Linuron, Prometryne, Terbacil, Trifluralin y 2,4-D en la respiración de tres distintos suelos, utilizando un microrrespirómetro Warburg. Dichos compuestos se aplicaron a concentraciones varias; a saber, 0, 10, 100 y 250 p.p.m. Los 10 compuestos se clasificaron en las tres categorías siguientes, según sus efectos en la respiración de los microorganismos del suelo: 1. La aplicación de 2,4-D y Triafulin tuvo un efecto inhibitorio significativo respecto a la cantidad de oxígeno que consumieron la mayoría de los microorganismos del suelo. 2. La aplicación de Bromacil, Diuron, Fluometuron y 2,4-D a concentraciones bajas y de Ametryne, Bromacil, Linuron y Diuron a concentraciones altas tuvo un efecto inhibitorio leve respecto a la cantidad de oxígeno que consumieron los microorganismos del suelo. 3. La aplicación de Ametryne, Diuron, Fluometuron, 2,4-D a concentraciones bajas y Atrazine, Linuron y Terbacil a concentraciones altas tuvo un efecto estimulante entre leve y moderado respecto a la cantidad de oxígeno que consumieron los microorganismos del suelo

Título en español.

The persistence of Atrazine, Ametryne, Prometryne, and Diuron in 13 Puerto Rican soils was studied under greenhouse conditions, using oats (Avena sativa L. var. Kanota) as the bioassay plant. Judging from the data obtained from six successive croppings of oats, Diuron was the most persistent herbicide in most soils while Prometryne was the least so. Ametryne and Atrazine were intermediate in persistence; however, the former was found to be more persistent than the latter in most of the soils studied. Of all the soil components or properties studied, organic matter appeared to be the one most highly related to the persistence of the four herbicides. The degree of herbicide persistence was lower in soils having a high organic matter content. This may be attributed to a greater microbial detoxification capacity associated with a higher organic-matter content of the corresponding soil.Se estudió la persistencia del Atrazine, Ametryne, Prometryne y Diuron bajo condiciones de invernadero, en 13 suelos típicos de Puerto Rico, usándose la avena (Avena sativa L.) como planta indicadora. A juzgar por los datos recogidos a través de seis cosechas sucesivas de avena, el Diuron fue el yerbicida de mayor y el Prometryne el de menor persistencia. El Atrazine y el Ametryne fueron de persistencia intermedia, aunque el primero de estos dos yerbicidas demostró ser un tanto más persistente que el segundo en la mayoría de los suelos que se estudiaron. De entre todos los componentes del suelo que se estudiaron, el que demostró guardar una relación más estrecha con la persistencia de los cuatro yerbicidas fué la materia orgánica. El grado de persistencia resultó ser más bajo en aquellos suelos con un contenido más alto en materia orgánica. Esto puede atribuirse a que la actividad desintoxicadora microbiana fue mayor en los suelos con un alto contenido de materia orgánica