Ethyl 2-[(2,6-dimethyl­phen­yl)hydrazono]-3-oxobutanoate

The title compound, C14H18N2O3, crystallizes with two independent mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit, having closely comparable geometries. Both mol­ecules are essentially planar [maximum deviations from the mean plane of 0.069 (1) and 0.068 (1) Å for the two mol­ecules] and contain an intra­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bond which generates a ring with graph-set motif S(6). In the crystal, the mol­ecules are linked into chains along the c axis by inter­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, and inter­molecular C—H⋯π inter­actions are also present

(Z)-1-(2,5-Dichloro-3-thien­yl)ethanone semicarbazone

The title mol­ecule, C7H7Cl2N3OS, is approximately planar [maximum deviation = 0.062 (1) Å]. Short inter­molecular distances between the centroids of the five-membered rings [3.5340 (8) Å] indicate the existence of π–π inter­actions. An inter­esting feature of the crystal structure is the presence of short intra­molecular Cl⋯N inter­actions [3.0015 (11) Å]. Mol­ecules are linked via pairs of inter­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, generating R 2 2(8) ring motifs. Furthermore, N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds form R 2 1(7) ring motifs with C—H⋯O contacts, further consolidating the crystal structure. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked by these inter­molecular inter­actions, forming chains along [001]

N-[(4-Amino-5-sulfanyl­idene-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)meth­yl]-4-methyl­benzamide

In the title compound, C11H13N5OS, the dihedral angle between the triazole ring and the benzene ring is 84.21 (7)°. The amino group adopts a pyramidal configuration. An intra­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bond stabilizes the mol­ecular structure and generates an S(8) ring. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked by inter­molecular N—H⋯O, N—H⋯S, N—H⋯N and C—H⋯S hydrogen bonds into layers lying parallel to the bc plane. The crystal structure is further stabilized by aromatic π–π stacking inter­actions [centroid–centroid distance = 3.3330 (7) Å]

Aminobisphosphonates reactivate the latent reservoir in people living with HIV-1

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is not curative due to the existence of cellular reservoirs of latent HIV-1 that persist during therapy. Current research efforts to cure HIV-1 infection include “shock and kill” strategies to disrupt latency using small molecules or latency-reversing agents (LRAs) to induce expression of HIV-1 enabling cytotoxic immune cells to eliminate infected cells. The modest success of current LRAs urges the field to identify novel drugs with increased clinical efficacy. Aminobisphosphonates (N-BPs) that include pamidronate, zoledronate, or alendronate, are the first-line treatment of bone-related diseases including osteoporosis and bone malignancies. Here, we show the use of N-BPs as a novel class of LRA: we found in ex vivo assays using primary cells from ART-suppressed people living with HIV-1 that N-BPs induce HIV-1 from latency to levels that are comparable to the T cell activator phytohemagglutinin (PHA). RNA sequencing and mechanistic data suggested that reactivation may occur through activation of the activator protein 1 signaling pathway. Stored samples from a prior clinical trial aimed at analyzing the effect of alendronate on bone mineral density, provided further evidence of alendronate-mediated latency reversal and activation of immune effector cells. Decay of the reservoir measured by IPDA was however not detected. Our results demonstrate the novel use of N-BPs to reverse HIV-1 latency while inducing immune effector functions. This preliminary evidence merits further investigation in a controlled clinical setting possibly in combination with therapeutic vaccination

Synthesis and Characterisation of a New Anion Exchangeable Layered Hydroxyiodide

Lu4O(OH)9I·3H2O is a new member of the anion exchangeable lanthanide hydroxyanion family of materials which has been synthesised hydrothermally. Its structure comprises positively charged [Lu4O(OH)9(H2O)3]+ layers with exchangeable charge balancing iodide anions located in the interlayer gallery. It has been found to undergo facile anion exchange reactions with dicarboxylate anions such as succinate and terephthalate at room temperature but reacts less readily with disulfonate anions such as 1,5- and 2,6-naphthalenedisulfonate under the same conditions. At reaction temperatures above 200 °C the cationic inorganic framework Lu3O(OH)6I·2H2O forms instead of the layered phase

Closing the Implementation Gap: Bringing Clean Air to the Region

This report identifies 25 clean air measures that can positively impact human health, crop yields, climate change and socio-economic development, as well as contribute to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. Implementing these measures could help 1 billion people breathe cleaner air by 2030 and reduce global warming by a third of a degree Celsius by 2050

New CPS-PPEES blend membranes for CaCI2 and NaCI rejection

Carboxylated polysulfone (CPS), poly (1,4-phenylene ether ethersulfone) (PPEES), membranes were prepared and used for the separation of NaCl and CaCl2, in efficient way with less energy consumption. In this work, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes were employed to the salt rejection behavior of the different salt solutions. The influence of applied pressure (1-12 bar), on the membrane performance was assessed. In CM series of membranes, CM1 showed maximum of 97% water uptake and 36% water swelling, whereas, CM4 showed 75% water uptake and 28% water swelling. In RCM series, RCM1 showed 85% water uptake and 32% water swelling whereas, in RCM4 it was 68% for water uptake and 20% for water swelling. Conclusively reverse osmosis membranes gave better rejection whereas nanofiltration membrane showed enhanced flux. CM1 showed 58% of rejection with 12 L/(m2 h) flux and RCM1 showed 55% of rejection with 15 L/(m2 h) flux for 0.1 wt.% NaCl solution. Whereas, in 0.1 wt.% CaCl2 solution, membrane CM1 showed 78% of rejection with 12 L/(m2 h) flux and RCM1 showed 63% rejection with flux of 9 L/(m2 h)

Dehydrated foods: Are they microbiologically safe?

Dried foods are low water activity foods with water activity ranging from 0.03 to 0.7. They are commonly misconstrued to be inherently safe from food borne pathogenic bacteria. However, there are many reported cases where many food borne illnesses were caused by the consumption of dried foods contaminated with Salmonella spp., Cronobacter spp., Staphylococcus spp. and E. coli. In this work, we have systematically reviewed the literature dealing with the effect of drying/dehydration on the survival of pathogenic microorganisms with special focus on Salmonella spp. We have also reviewed and synthesized the literature dealing with the effect of drying process on microorganisms in dried vegetables, meat, fish, spices, mushroom and powdered foods. This review concludes that dried foods are not inherently safe microbiologically and required other hurdles to achieve microbial safety