Mejor la pregunta que la respuesta

Libro reseñado:Salteadores y cuadrillas de malhechores. Una aproximación a la acción colectiva de la “población negra” en el suroccidente de la Nueva Granada, 1840-1851. María Camila Díaz Casas. Universidad del Cauca, Popayán, 2015, 277 pp. Importantes historiadores como E. P. Thompson y Eric Hobsbawm, para el caso de Inglaterra, o Eric Van Young, para el caso de Hispanoamérica, abrieron derroteros fundamentales para entender el carácter y el funcionamiento de las movilizaciones populares del pueblo llano o de los sectores subalternos; una denominación esta última que, inspirada en la obra de Antonio Gramsci y acuñada con éxito por el historiador indio Ranajit Guha, dio inicio a una importante corriente historiográfica. María Camila Díaz Casas presenta en este libro un estudio que podría enmarcarse en esta larga tradición historiográfica. Su trabajo se construye tomando como punto de partida su tesis de pregrado en historia, y estudia la forma en que, entre 1840 y 1851, se “caracterizó la participación política de la ‘población negra’ en el suroccidente de la Nueva Granada” (p. 24). A lo largo de todo el libro, la autora repite insistentemente su hipótesis, la misma que propone que en los años mencionados la “población negra” del suroccidente desarrolló acciones colectivas tanto violentas como no violentas, que le permitieron defender su libertad y unos espacios de participación política en el concierto de la nación. Esta participación habría tenido, según la autora, dos condiciones que la hicieron posible: la guerra civil —la guerra de los Supremos— y el complicado proceso que allanó el camino hacia la Ley de Abolición de la Esclavitud en la Nueva Granada, en 1851, la misma que desataría nuevos enfrentamientos bélicos entre las élites locales, así como el surgimiento de sociedades democráticas que incidirían de forma importante en la acción colectiva violenta de la “población negra”. Esta hipótesis sigue de cerca los trabajos que sobre el tema han venido desarrollando, desde hace algo más de cuatro décadas, historiadores tan prestantes como Francisco Zuluaga, Margarita González, Alonso Valencia Llano, Ervin Prado y James Sanders

Los usos de las leyes de libertad de vientres de 1814 y 1821 entre los esclavos antioqueños. Ejemplos e indicios para una hipótesis de trabajo

Two laws of slave manumission were issued in the republican New Granada, the first one in 1814, and the second one in 1821. The enslaved population made use of these legislation from the very beginning of their publication, presenting petitions of freedom before the republican tribunals, for themselves or for their offspring. In this article we intend to gather some individual cases of judicial strategies initiated by slaves in Medellín between 1815 and 1840 claiming for manumis- sion. We will use these cases to explore the hypothesis that they function not only as examples of the capacity of slaves as litigants but also as clues of the different ways in which they interpreted the idea of freedom in the context of the construction of a new political order. In other words, we would like to explore the question about the enslaved own efforts to interpret and use the law, notwithstanding the literate mediation of lawyers and legal representatives, who composed and signed the legal documents of the trials.En la primera mitad del siglo XIX, las leyes de manumisión de esclavos, emitidas en la Nueva Granada en 1814 y 1821, produjeron efectos importantes entre la población esclavizada. Entre estos se puede contar el uso inmediato que los esclavizados hicieron de las normativas en sus estrategias judiciales para reclamar su libertad o la de sus hijos. En este artículo se hace un recuento del contexto en el que se emitieron estas leyes de manumisión, y se presenta un conjunto de casos particulares en el que los esclavizados hicieron uso de estos discursos legales para reclamar su libertad o la de sus hijos. Estos casos no solo sirven de ejemplo, sino que se usan como indicios para proponer una hipó- tesis de trabajo según la cual, a pesar de la mediación letrada, los esclavizados pudieron apropiarse del discurso legal e interpretarlo para redefinir los significados de su libertad en relación con las posibilidades de manumisión

La educación ambiental: interés prioritario de Mario Boza en su quehacer. Algunas experiencias pioneras de capacitación

Since the beginning of the 70s, when various international events that highlighted the importance of education to achieve environmental improvement and natural resource conservation were organized, Costa Rica has created institutions that offer the opportunity to provide training in Environmental Education to various sectors of the population. Mario Boza played a very important role in making this possible as the founder of the School of Environmental Sciences at UNA, the Environmental Education Program at UNED, and the Environmental Education Program at MINAE. Various training courses were developed in these institutions with a clear vision of the multiplier effect that the target populations would have in raising awareness of the importance of resource conservation and sustainable management and searching for solutions to the environmental problems of their communities. This article presents some training experiences that were pioneering in the 70s and had a great impact in the country in the following two decades. It also notes the different target populations and the different modalities used.Desde los inicios de la década de los 70, cuando se organizaban diversos eventos internacionales que destacaban la importancia de la educación para lograr el mejoramiento del ambiente y la conservación de los recursos naturales; en Costa Rica se crean instituciones que ofrecen oportunidad de brindar capacitación en educación ambiental a diversos sectores de la población. Para que esto fuera posible don Mario Boza jugó un papel importantísimo como fundador de la Escuela de Ciencias Ambientales en la UNA, del Programa de Educación Ambiental en la UNED y del Programa de Educación Ambiental en el MINAE. En estas instituciones se gestaron diversos cursos de capacitación teniendo claro el efecto multiplicador que las poblaciones meta tendrían en crear conciencia de la importancia de la conservación, el manejo sostenible de los recursos y la búsqueda de soluciones a los problemas ambientales de su comunidad. El artículo expone algunas experiencias de enseñanza que en los años 70 fueron pioneras y que tuvieron gran impacto en el país en las dos décadas posteriores. Se indica a su vez las diferentes poblaciones meta y las distintas modalidades utilizadas

El llamado "delito informático"

Aunque no existe en el mundo del Derecho español e internacional un concepto claro de lo que es el delito informático, varios autores han abordado con desigualdad de criterios los abusos en «la red» y sus repercusiones civiles y penales. Este estudio concluye que no sólo son necesarias medidas de carácter civil y penal para proteger los bienes jurídicos de los afectados por dichos abusos, sino también otras extrajudiciales, debido sobre todo al carácter transfronterizo de los delitos.Although there is not a clear concept of informatic crime offence in the Spanish and international law, some authors have tackled with unequal viewpoints the abuse within the «net» and their civil and criminal repercussions. This research concludes that not only civil and criminal steps need to be taken in order to protect the juridical goods of affected people but also extrajudicial steps, due to the cross-border’s condition of the offence

Working lives of youth in poverty in urban Argentina

This chapter analyzes how people between 15 and 24 years old work and live in poverty. These young people have several years of working experience, since most of them began working during childhood or adolescence and are part of families—both nuclear and extended—with low incomes. Methodologically, the text has been based on the complement of fieldwork by the two authors. Chaves’ fieldwork was located in a suburban neighborhood of the city of La Plata (Province of Buenos Aires), and Assusa’s fieldwork was located in different neighborhoods of the city of Cordoba (Province of Cordoba). Both made interviews and kept records of participant observation. Population analysis through Permanent Household Survey (PHS) processing is also provided, contributing elements for an initial characterization of the situation of working and poor youth in Argentina, which also allows us to make diachronic (change in time) and synchronic (differences and inequalities among social classes) comparisons that make possible for readers from other regions to understand the strong trends in social conditions in Argentina. The richness of combining both data records and the complement of quantitative and qualitative results provide a much wider interpretation framework for the analyzed phenomenon.Facultad de Trabajo Socia

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A quality innovation strategy for an inter-regional digital innovation hub

Industry 4.0 is reshaping the way all the economic sectors are working. The complete adoption and understanding by the companies, large or small, of the digital transformation opportunities and benefits, requires the existence of effective instruments. Digital Innovation Hubs (DIHs) are an important instrument, strongly promoted by the European Commission, to help companies to take advantage of digital opportunities. Aiming to boost and create synergies between several DIHs and research centers located in the northern region of Portugal and Spain, and considering the disruptive ICT technologies, the establishment of an inter-regional DIH that results from the cooperation between these entities assumes a crucial importance to transform this region into an innovative pole of reference. This paper aims to describe the strategy for the management and improvement of the quality of the innovation being developed by this inter-regional DIH under the scope of the DISRUPTIVE project. Besides considering the individual strategies of the associated members, it includes cooperative aspects, regarding the sharing of knowledge, technology, and skills, aiming to improve the quality of innovation, as well as the adoption of digitization by the companies in this region.This work has been partially supported by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the Interreg Spain-Portugal V-A Program (POCTEP) under grant 0677_DISRUPTIVE_2_E (Intensifying the activity of Digital Innovation Hubs within the PocTep region to boost the development of disruptive and last generation ICTs through cross-border cooperation). The authors would like to thank the DISRUPTIVE partners that supported the conception and consolidation of the innovation methodology, namely USal (Universidad de Salamanca), UVa (Universidad de Valladolid), ISEP (Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto), IPB (Instituto Politécnico de Bragança), Fundación CARTIF, PRODUTECH, and ICE (Instituto para la Competitividad empresarial de Castilla y León).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

En Búsqueda de Buenas Prácticas e Innovación en Situaciones de Crisis: Reflexiones Iniciales

Queremos compartir cómo fue el inicio de una experiencia de extensión; se pretende realizar una reflexión crítica en relación a los primeros meses de inserción y a la manera en que se abordó el territorio. La misma se desarrolla, actualmente, en Villa Allende Córdoba. Objetivos: Socializar el modo en que se trabajó el acercamiento a la localidad, particularizando en expectativas y realidad encontrada. Compartir, las estrategias que se elaboraron para sortear dificultades, comunicar aquellas tácticas utilizadas que resultaron exitosas. Significar aprendizajes obtenidos a partir del aporte de pares y la reflexión crítica. El proyecto extensionista, aspira a identificar prácticas exitosas e innovativas en organizaciones partícipes de la inundación sufrida por la localidad. Metodología: De tipo cualitativo con carácter participativo, se busca un abordaje desde la Investigación-Acción, donde se trabaja simultánea y alternativamente con diversos actores involucrados y la reflexión a través de los ejes conceptuales pertinentes. En la inserción al campo, se contacta a miembros de organizaciones privadas, públicas e incluso, de tipo informales (agrupaciones de vecinos), que de alguna manera tuvieron un papel activo en la gestión de la crisis, así, se busca identificar informantes clave. Se proponen espacios de reflexión que permitan la circulación de conocimiento y propicien el trabajo en conjunto, cuyo efecto esperado es el surgimiento de aprendizajes individuales y colectivos. Discusión: La construcción colaborativa de conocimientos surgidos a partir de esta experiencia fortalecerá los lazos asociativos interorganizacionales; y la ampliación de intercambios posibles

Influence of the i/d polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene on the outcome of microalbuminuria in essential hypertension

The objective of the present study was to analyze the influence of the I/D polymorphism of the ACE gene on the outcome of microalbuminuria in essential hypertensive patients who were receiving antihypertensive treatment. One hundred thirty-six essential hypertensive patients who were <50 years old and had never previously received treatment with antihypertensive drugs were included in the study. During a 3-year period, patients received nonpharmacological treatment consisting of moderate salt restriction and a low-calorie diet they were obese, with or without a regimen of antihypertensive drugs based on ß-blockers or ACE inhibitors. Hydrochlorothiazide was added when necessary to maintain the blood pressure goal of <135/85 mm Hg. At the beginning of the study and at yearly intervals, systolic and diastolic blood pressures (SBP and DBP, respectively), 24-hour urinary albumin excretion (UAE), renal function, and biochemical profile measurements were made. The insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of the ACE gene was determined through the use of polymerase chain reaction. The variables used in the statistical analysis were the measurements at the start of the study and the increase or decrease detected during the follow-up, estimated as individual specific regression line slope values. At baseline, no differences in blood pressure or UAE values were observed among genotypes. Likewise, the genotype or allele frequency was not significantly different between normoalbuminurics and microalbuminurics. After the 3 treatment years, significant reductions in SBP, DBP, and UAE were found (SBP 151.6±17.3 reduced to 137.2±14.3 mm Hg, P<0.001; DBP 96.6±8.9 reduced to 84.5±9.8 mm Hg, P<0.001; UAE 36.7±71.5 reduced to 28.3±78.6 mg/24 h, P<0.05). The slopes of these parameters over time did not differ significantly among genotypes. The slope of SBP was the main factor related to the slope of logUAE (P<0.003). A significant positive correlation coefficient between the SBP and logUAE slopes was observed for the DD patients (r=0.57, P<0.0001) but was absent in patients carrying the I allele (II r=-0.03, P=NS; I/D r=0.01, P=NS). Follow-up studies should be used to achieve a better understanding of the impact of candidate gene polymorphisms on the development of hypertension-induced organ damage. Assessment of the I/D polymorphism of the ACE gene may identify subjects who require a greatly lowered blood pressure to prevent organ damage and to reduce hypertension-associated complications and death.Redon Mas, Josep, [email protected] ; Chaves Martinez, Felipe Javier, [email protected] ; Pascual Izuel, Jose Maria, [email protected]

Combination of nitric oxide and 1-MCP on postharvest life of the blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) fruit

Blueberries are a perishable fruit that loses its firmness and weight rapidly after harvest. High concentrations of ascorbic acid (AA) and phenolic compounds such as anthocyanins are important attributes contributing to the quality of the fruit. The aim of this work is to extend the postharvest life of three blueberries cultivars; ‘Mistý and ‘Blue Cuinex́, firm and soft cultivars respectively and ‘Blue Chiṕ with intermediate firmness. The fruit was treated separately or in combination with a nitric oxide donor, S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and stored at 4 °C for 14 d. The best treatment for ‘Blue Cuinex́ was the combination of 1- MCP and GSNO, while ‘Mistý softened slower when treated with 1-MCP, and ‘Blue Chiṕ was not affected by treatment. The 1-MCP+ GSNO treatment maintained higher concentrations of AA and GSH in ‘Blue Cuinex́. AA concentrations declined in ‘Mistý but did not respond to GSNO. The combination of 1-MCP and GSNO extended the postharvest life of ‘Blue Cuinex́ by improving the concentrations of AA and glutathione in the berries but not for ‘Mistý. These results demonstrate that blueberry cultivars respond differentially to 1-MCP and nitric oxide, and that the sequence of application could be used to slow fruit softening and maintain antioxidant properties.Instituto de Fisiología Vegeta