Opportunity or necessity? Conceptualizing entrepreneurship at African small-scale mines

This article critically examines the policy environment in place for artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) – low-tech, labour-intensive mineral extraction and processing – in sub-Saharan Africa, with a view to determining whether there is adequate ‘space’ for the sector's operators to flourish as entrepreneurs. In recent years, there has been growing attention paid to ASM in the region, particularly as a vehicle for stimulating local economic development. The work being planned under the Africa Mining Vision (AMV), a comprehensive policy agenda adopted by African heads of state in February 2009, could have an enormous impact on this front. One of its core objectives is to pressure host governments into Boosting Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining by following a series of streamlined recommendations. It is concluded, however, that there is a disconnect between how entrepreneurship in ASM has been interpreted and projected by proponents of the AMV on the one hand, and the form it has mostly taken in practice on the other hand. This gulf must be rapidly bridged if ASM is to have a transformative impact, economically, in the region. © 2017 Elsevier Inc

Anger rumination in Hong Kong and Great Britain: Validation of the scale and a cross-cultural comparison

English and Chinese versions of the Anger Rumination Scale (ARS; Sukhodolsky, Golub, & Cromwell, 2001) were distributed to 495 British and 453 Hong Kong Chinese participants. Confirmatory factor analysis verified factorial equivalence between the English and Chinese versions replicating the previously reported four factor structure of Angry Memories, Thoughts of Revenge, Angry Afterthoughts and Understanding of Causes. Internal reliability of the Chinese ARS ranged from .68 to .85. Chinese participants scored higher than British on all subscales, suggesting higher levels of anger rumination. The pattern of scores on the four scales was similar with highest endorsement of Understanding of Causes items and lowest for Thoughts of Revenge. It was concluded that the Chinese version of the Anger Rumination Scale may be useful for cross-cultural research