Immuno-virological and toxicity outcomes of HIV-infected patients after 48 months of ART in Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Mexico AIDS Conference 200

Coffee consumption and prostate cancer risk: further evidence for inverse relationship

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Higher consumption of coffee intake has recently been linked with reduced risk of aggressive prostate cancer (PC) incidence, although meta-analysis of other studies that examine the association between coffee consumption and overall PC risk remains inconclusive. Only one recent study investigated the association between coffee intake and grade-specific incidence of PC, further evidence is required to understand the aetiology of aggressive PCs. Therefore, we conducted a prospective study to examine the relationship between coffee intake and overall as well as grade-specific PC risk.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We conducted a prospective cohort study of 6017 men who were enrolled in the Collaborative cohort study in the UK between 1970 and 1973 and followed up to 31st December 2007. Cox Proportional Hazards Models were used to evaluate the association between coffee consumption and overall, as well as Gleason grade-specific, PC incidence.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Higher coffee consumption was inversely associated with risk of high grade but not with overall risk of PC. Men consuming 3 or more cups of coffee per day experienced 55% lower risk of high Gleason grade disease compared with non-coffee drinkers in analysis adjusted for age and social class (HR 0.45, 95% CI 0.23-0.90, p value for trend 0.01). This association changed a little after additional adjustment for Body Mass Index, smoking, cholesterol level, systolic blood pressure, tea intake and alcohol consumption.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Coffee consumption reduces the risk of aggressive PC but not the overall risk.</p

Diplomado de profundización en farmacovigilancia

En el trabajo realizado damos a conocer cada uno de los temas vistos a lo largo del diplomado de profundización en farmacovigilancia, con la intención de brindar información de calidad a aquellas personas que trabajan en ciencias de la salud puesto que la farmacovigilancia es importante llevarla a cabo tanto a nivel comercial como hospitalaria y en cualquier parte donde se distribuyan o dispensen fármacos ya que es una tarea de todos el velar por la buena salud de las personas, sus riesgo-beneficio, sus contraindicaciones y sobre todo el uso adecuado de los medicamentos y/o dispositivos médicos. también se encontrarán dentro del trabajo temas como el que hacer farmacéutico y su importancia en el área anteriormente mencionada. Cuando hablamos acerca de la Farmacovigilancia, se describe de una gestión en las acciones, utilizada para la prevención de riesgos de los medicamentos en los seres humanos y para evitar los costes económicos relacionados a los efectos adversos no esperados, así mismo mencionamos las características de las reacciones adversas, que se presentan en el día a día, esto quiere decir que la Farmacovigilancia es aquella que se encarga de identificar, contar y evaluar la prevención de los riesgos en el uso de los medicamentos, por tal razón la evaluación que se les hace a los medicamentos es para garantizar su seguridad.In the work carried out, we present each of the topics seen throughout the diploma in deepening in pharmacovigilance, with the intention of providing quality information to those people who work in health sciences since pharmacovigilance is important to carry it out both commercially and in hospitals and anywhere where drugs are distributed or dispensed since it is everyone's task to ensure the good health of people, their risk-benefit, their contraindications and above all the proper use of drugs and / or medical devices. topics such as what to become a pharmacist and its importance in the aforementioned area will also be found within the work. When we talk about pharmacovigilance, a management in actions is described, used for the prevention of drug risks in human beings and to avoid the economic costs related to unexpected adverse effects, we also mention the characteristics of the that occur on a day-to-day basis, this means that pharmacovigilance is the reaction that is responsible for identifying, counting and evaluating the prevention of risks in the use of medications, for this reason the evaluation that is made to the medications is to ensure your safety

Feature selection for chemical sensor arrays using mutual information

We address the problem of feature selection for classifying a diverse set of chemicals using an array of metal oxide sensors. Our aim is to evaluate a filter approach to feature selection with reference to previous work, which used a wrapper approach on the same data set, and established best features and upper bounds on classification performance. We selected feature sets that exhibit the maximal mutual information with the identity of the chemicals. The selected features closely match those found to perform well in the previous study using a wrapper approach to conduct an exhaustive search of all permitted feature combinations. By comparing the classification performance of support vector machines (using features selected by mutual information) with the performance observed in the previous study, we found that while our approach does not always give the maximum possible classification performance, it always selects features that achieve classification performance approaching the optimum obtained by exhaustive search. We performed further classification using the selected feature set with some common classifiers and found that, for the selected features, Bayesian Networks gave the best performance. Finally, we compared the observed classification performances with the performance of classifiers using randomly selected features. We found that the selected features consistently outperformed randomly selected features for all tested classifiers. The mutual information filter approach is therefore a computationally efficient method for selecting near optimal features for chemical sensor arrays

Toll-Like Receptors 2 and 4 Regulate the Frequency of IFNγ-Producing CD4+ T-Cells during Pulmonary Infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae

TLR2 and TLR4 are crucial for recognition of Chlamydia pneumoniae in vivo, since infected TLR2/4 double-deficient mice are unable to control the infection as evidenced by severe loss of body weight and progressive lethal pneumonia. Unexpectedly, these mice display higher pulmonary levels of the protective cytokine IFNγ than wild type mice. We show here, that antigen-specific CD4+ T-cells are responsible for the observed IFNγ-secretion in vivo and their frequency is higher in TLR2/4 double-deficient than in wild type mice. The capacity of TLR2/4 double-deficient dendritic cells to re-stimulate CD4+ T-cells did not differ from wild type dendritic cells. However, the frequency of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T-cells was considerably higher in wild type compared to TLR2/4 double-deficient mice and was inversely related to the number of IFNγ-secreting CD4+ effector T-cells. Despite increased IFNγ-levels, at least one IFNγ-mediated response, protective NO-secretion, could not be induced in the absence of TLR2 and 4. In summary, CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T-cells fail to expand in the absence of TLR2 and TLR4 during pulmonary infection with C. pneumoniae, which in turn enhances the frequency of CD4+IFNγ+ effector T-cells. Failure of IFNγ to induce NO in TLR2/4 double-deficient cells represents one possible mechanism why TLR2/4 double-deficient mice are unable to control pneumonia caused by C. pneumoniae and succumb to the infection

NetPyNE, a tool for data-driven multiscale modeling of brain circuits.

Biophysical modeling of neuronal networks helps to integrate and interpret rapidly growing and disparate experimental datasets at multiple scales. The NetPyNE tool (www.netpyne.org) provides both programmatic and graphical interfaces to develop data-driven multiscale network models in NEURON. NetPyNE clearly separates model parameters from implementation code. Users provide specifications at a high level via a standardized declarative language, for example connectivity rules, to create millions of cell-to-cell connections. NetPyNE then enables users to generate the NEURON network, run efficiently parallelized simulations, optimize and explore network parameters through automated batch runs, and use built-in functions for visualization and analysis - connectivity matrices, voltage traces, spike raster plots, local field potentials, and information theoretic measures. NetPyNE also facilitates model sharing by exporting and importing standardized formats (NeuroML and SONATA). NetPyNE is already being used to teach computational neuroscience students and by modelers to investigate brain regions and phenomena

Mood and Behaviors of Adolescents With Depression in a Longitudinal Study Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Objective: To investigate whether, compared to pre-pandemic levels, depressive and anxiety symptoms in adolescents with depression increased during the pandemic. Method: We used data from National Institute of Mental Health Characterization and Treatment of Depression (NIMH CAT-D) cohort, a longitudinal case-control study that started pre-pandemic. Most of the participants are from the states of Maryland and Virginia in the United States. We compared depressive symptoms (1,820 measurements; 519 measurements pre-pandemic and 1,302 during the pandemic) and anxiety symptoms (1,800 measurements; 508 measurements pre-pandemic and 1,292 ratings during the pandemic) of 166 adolescents (109 girls, 96 adolescents with depression) before and during the pandemic. Data were collected during yearly clinical visits, interim 4-month follow-up visits, inpatient stays, and weekly outpatient sessions, with additional data collection during the pandemic. Pre-pandemic, healthy volunteers (HVs) had a median of 1 depressive and anxiety rating (range, 1-3), and adolescents with depression had a median of 2 ratings (anxiety rating range, 1-25; depressive rating range, 1-26). During the pandemic, HVs had a median of 8 anxiety ratings and 9 depressive ratings (range, 1-13), and adolescents with depression had a median of 7 anxiety and depressive ratings (range, 1-29). We also analyzed adolescent- and parent-reported behaviors in the CoRonavIruS Health Impact Survey (CRISIS), totaling 920 self-reported measures for 164 adolescents (112 girls, 92 adolescents with depression). HVs had a median of 7 surveys (range, 1-8), and adolescents with depression had a median of 5 surveys (range, 1-8). Results: Pre-pandemic, adolescents with depression had a mean depressive score of 11.16 (95% CI = 10.10, 12.22) and HVs had a mean depressive score of 1.76 (95% CI = 0.40, 3.13), a difference of 9.40 points (95% CI = 7.78, 11.01). During the pandemic, this difference decreased by 22.6% (2.05 points, 95% CI = 0.71, 3.40, p = .003) due to 0.89 points decrease in severity of scores in adolescents with depression (95% CI = 0.08, 1.70, p = .032) and 1.16 points increase in HVs’ depressive symptoms (95% CI = 0.10, 2.23, p = .032). Compared to their pre-pandemic levels, adolescents with depression reported overall lower anxiety symptoms during the pandemic. Parent-on-child reports also were consistent with these results. Conclusion: Contrary to our hypothesis, we found that both depressive and anxiety symptoms were lower for adolescents with depression during the pandemic compared to before. In contrast, the depression scores for the HVs were higher during the pandemic relative to their pre-pandemic ratings; these scores remained much lower than those of adolescents with depression. Clinical trial registration information: Characterization and Treatment of Adolescent Depression; https://clinicaltrials.gov/; NCT03388606

Transmission and Control of African Horse Sickness in The Netherlands: A Model Analysis

African horse sickness (AHS) is an equine viral disease that is spread by Culicoides spp. Since the closely related disease bluetongue established itself in The Netherlands in 2006, AHS is considered a potential threat for the Dutch horse population. A vector-host model that incorporates the current knowledge of the infection biology is used to explore the effect of different parameters on whether and how the disease will spread, and to assess the effect of control measures. The time of introduction is an important determinant whether and how the disease will spread, depending on temperature and vector season. Given an introduction in the most favourable and constant circumstances, our results identify the vector-to-host ratio as the most important factor, because of its high variability over the country. Furthermore, a higher temperature accelerates the epidemic, while a higher horse density increases the extent of the epidemic. Due to the short infectious period in horses, the obvious clinical signs and the presence of non-susceptible hosts, AHS is expected to invade and spread less easily than bluetongue. Moreover, detection is presumed to be earlier, which allows control measures to be targeted towards elimination of infection sources. We argue that recommended control measures are euthanasia of infected horses with severe clinical signs and vector control in infected herds, protecting horses from midge bites in neighbouring herds, and (prioritized) vaccination of herds farther away, provided that transport regulations are strictly applied. The largest lack of knowledge is the competence and host preference of the different Culicoides species present in temperate regions

The non-coding landscape of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

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