Topological Properties from Einstein's Equations?

In this work we propose a new procedure for to extract global information of a space-time. We considered a space-time immersed in a higher dimensional space and we formulate the equations of Einstein through of the Frobenius conditions to immersion. Through of an algorithm and the implementation into algebraic computing system we calculate normal vectors from the immersion to find out the second fundamental form. We make a application for space-time with spherical symmetry and static. We solve the equations of Einstein to the vacuum and we obtain space-times with different topologies.Comment: 7 pages, accepted for publication in Int. J. Mod. Phys.

Deconfinement transition in protoneutron stars: analysis within the Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model

We study the effect of color superconductivity and neutrino trapping on the deconfinement transition of hadronic matter into quark matter in a protoneutron star. To describe the strongly interacting matter a two-phase picture is adopted. For the hadronic phase we use different parameterizations of a non-linear Walecka model which includes the whole baryon octet. For the quark matter phase we use an $SU(3)_f$ Nambu-Jona-Lasinio effective model which includes color superconductivity. We impose color and flavor conservation during the transition in such a way that just deconfined quark matter is transitorily out of equilibrium with respect to weak interactions. We find that deconfinement is more difficult for small neutrino content and it is easier for lower temperatures although these effects are not too large. In addition they will tend to cancel each other as the protoneutron star cools and deleptonizes, resulting a transition density that is roughly constant along the evolution of the protoneutron star. According to these results the deconfinement transition is favored after substantial cooling and contraction of the protoneutron star

Geometric approach to chaos in the classical dynamics of abelian lattice gauge theory

A Riemannian geometrization of dynamics is used to study chaoticity in the classical Hamiltonian dynamics of a U(1) lattice gauge theory. This approach allows one to obtain analytical estimates of the largest Lyapunov exponent in terms of time averages of geometric quantities. These estimates are compared with the results of numerical simulations, and turn out to be very close to the values extrapolated for very large lattice sizes even when the geometric quantities are computed using small lattices. The scaling of the Lyapunov exponent with the energy density is found to be well described by a quadratic power law.Comment: REVTeX, 9 pages, 4 PostScript figures include

Virtual environments to cope with anxiety situations: Two case-studies

Anxiety is a growing problem in modern societies. Virtual reality has been widely adopted to treat anxiety and more severe psychological problems. We have been working on an approach that involves compelling virtual environments (VE) to treat anxiety. These VE recreate a particular situation and support in real-time the intervention of the therapist. Public domain software tools and a simple projection screen have been used. This paper describes two interactive applications that simulate VE to help people coping with particular anxiety situations. One of the applications is developed in Blender and is dedicated to the fear of talking in front of an audience; the other application is developed in OpenSim and is devoted to the fear of driving inside a tunnel.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Bioprospecção de bactérias com potencial antagônico a fusarium spp. associado à morte de brachiaria brizantha

Há uma crescente busca nos últimos tempos por sistemas agropecuários que sejam produtivos, econômicos e sustentáveis. A síndrome da morte do capim Marandu (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu) é um problema que vem crescendo nos últimos anos, um dos principais sinais de baixa sustentabilidade da pecuária brasileira. A morte das plantas forrageiras ocorre na época chuvosa, geralmente em solos mal drenados, devido a falta de adaptação da planta à baixa oxigenação das raízes, deixando-a suscetível ao ataque de fitopatógenos oportunistas. Diante da problemática, objetivou-se isolar e selecionar bactérias com potencial antagônico a Fusarium spp., um dos agentes fitopatogênicos que participam desse processo. Foram avaliados 10 sistemas, no período de chuva e seca: 1-F: floresta; 2-L: lavoura; 3-P: pecuária; 4-iPL: integração pecuária-lavoura; 5-iLP: integração lavoura-pecuária; 6-iLF: integração lavoura-floresta; 7-iPF: integração pecuária-floresta; 8-iLPF: lavoura e floresta por 2 anos e após pecuária e floresta por 2 anos; 9iLPF: pecuária e floresta por 2 anos e lavoura e floresta por 2 anos; 10-iLPF: integração lavoura-pecuária-floresta; além da mata nativa e área de pousio, distribuídos em blocos casualizados com 4 repetições. Os isolados bacterianos foram obtidos de amostras de solo diluídas, aplicadas em meio de cultura TSA 10% (Triptona soja ágar) e incubadas a 28ºC. Após a purificação os isolados foram armazenados em solução de glicerol 20% a -80°C. Foram testadas 20 bactérias em cada sistema. O método para avaliação de antagonismo foi o de cultura pareada em placa de Petri, por confronto direto, e em meio sólido BDA (Batata dextrose ágar). Na avaliação, foi considerado como positivo as bactérias que formaram halo de inibição ou quando o crescimento do corpo fúngico não encostou na bactéria. Dois isolados foram testados, Fusarium spp. isolado de planta de soja acometida (1) e Fusarium spp. isolado de solo onde ocorreu a morte da forrageira (2). Primeiramente, todos os isolados bacterianos foram testados contra o patógeno 1 e então, somente as bactérias antagônicas foram testadas contra o patógeno 2. Para o patógeno 1, na época da chuva, 7,5% dos isolados testados apresentaram antagonismo enquanto na seca esse valor foi maior (15%). Para o patógeno 2, nem todos os isolados positivos para o patógeno 1 foram eficientes no controle, demonstrando a ocorrência de interações entre isolados bacterianos e Fusarium spp. Quando considerados os sistemas, na chuva, para o patógeno 1, a mata apresentou maior número de isolados positivos (20%). Na seca, mata, 1-F e 8-iLPF para o patógeno 1, foram os que apresentaram maior número de positivos (25%). Dentre as épocas avaliadas, a seca teve mais bactérias antagonistas, e o tratamento 8-iLPF apresentou melhores resultados. O que demonstra possibilidade de encontrar um controlador biológico à Fusarium spp. neste sistema. Os sistemas mais biodiversos parecem favorecer o equilíbrio entre os microrganismos (antagonismo), o que pode reduzir ação do Fusarium spp. no capim Marandu. Isso deve ser evidenciado em análises posteriores com testes in vivo, a fim de comprovar e desenvolver novas biotecnologias. Palavras-chave: controle biológico, forragem, microbiologia

Volume Fractions of the Kinematic "Near-Critical" Sets of the Quantum Ensemble Control Landscape

An estimate is derived for the volume fraction of a subset $C_{\epsilon}^{P} = \{U : ||grad J(U)|\leq {\epsilon}\}\subset\mathrm{U}(N)$ in the neighborhood of the critical set $C^{P}\simeq\mathrm{U}(\mathbf{n})P\mathrm{U}(\mathbf{m})$ of the kinematic quantum ensemble control landscape J(U) = Tr(U\rho U' O), where $U$ represents the unitary time evolution operator, {\rho} is the initial density matrix of the ensemble, and O is an observable operator. This estimate is based on the Hilbert-Schmidt geometry for the unitary group and a first-order approximation of $||grad J(U)||^2$. An upper bound on these near-critical volumes is conjectured and supported by numerical simulation, leading to an asymptotic analysis as the dimension $N$ of the quantum system rises in which the volume fractions of these "near-critical" sets decrease to zero as $N$ increases. This result helps explain the apparent lack of influence exerted by the many saddles of $J$ over the gradient flow.Comment: 27 pages, 1 figur

Interceptação da radiação fotossinteticamente ativa e índice de área foliar da cana-de-açúcar irrigada em Juazeiro, Bahia.

Este estudo teve o objetivo de analisar a sazonalidade da radiação fotossinteticamente ativa e sua fração interceptada pela cana-de-açúcar irrigada sob as condições climáticas do Submédio do Vale São Francisco

Developing the Framed Standard Model

The framed standard model (FSM) suggested earlier, which incorporates the Higgs field and 3 fermion generations as part of the framed gauge theory structure, is here developed further to show that it gives both quarks and leptons hierarchical masses and mixing matrices akin to what is experimentally observed. Among its many distinguishing features which lead to the above results are (i) the vacuum is degenerate under a global $su(3)$ symmetry which plays the role of fermion generations, (ii) the fermion mass matrix is "universal", rank-one and rotates (changes its orientation in generation space) with changing scale $\mu$, (iii) the metric in generation space is scale-dependent too, and in general non-flat, (iv) the theta-angle term in the QCD action of topological origin gets transformed into the CP-violating phase of the CKM matrix for quarks, thus offering at the same time a solution to the strong CP problem.Comment: 53 Page