Clinal variation of dormancy progression in apricot

AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine the bud dormancy progression in apricot at different latitudes and altitudes. Six locations in regions with a Mediterranean climate in South Africa (SA) and Spain were chosen. The study was carried out during two consecutive years, 2007 and 2008, in SA and results were compared to those obtained in Spain in 2008. Locations ranged from low-chill areas, such as Ladismith and Villiersdorp in SA and Campotéjar in Spain, to high-chill areas, such as Ceres in SA and Barranda in Spain. A number of apricot cultivars comprising the range of chilling requirements in both countries were selected. In addition, a second, parallel study was performed to evaluate the paradormancy progression in ‘Palsteyn’ (SA) and ‘Rojo Pasión’ (Spain). Deeper dormancy was not observed in high-chill cultivars located in cold areas than in low-chill cultivars in warm areas. However, low-chill cultivars located in warm areas entered and released from dormancy earlier than high chill cultivars in warm areas. Thus, a clinal variation in dormancy progression under warm temperatures in apricot cultivars is suggested. The role of photoperiod and minimum temperatures is proposed to have a key role in dormancy onset. Paradoxically, an earlier maximum depth of dormancy was found in those areas with higher minimum temperatures at the end of summer. Before the beginning of winter, all cultivars showed an important increase of budburst rate, which indicated the end of endodormancy. Afterwards an ecodormancy period followed during winter, while chilling continued to accumulate. These results contrast with the assumed concept of the breaking of dormancy through chilling accumulation during winter and suggest a possible mediation by photoperiod in overcoming of dormancy. On the other hand, paradormancy exerted a reduction in budburst rate during dormancy entry, whereas decapitation increased the budburst rate throughout the dormant season, indicating interaction between different plant parts during this period

Efecto de las PGPR en la producción y vida útil del berro (Nasturtium officinale) cultivado en bandejas flotantes

El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar el efecto de bacterias promotoras del crecimiento (PGPR) sobre el rendimiento y la calidad de berro cultivado en bandejas flotantes. Para la obtención de las PGPR (Bacillussubtilis) se utilizó un producto comercial denominado Larminar®. El experimento consistió en cuatro tratamientos: Tratamiento 1 (T1 ) semillas y sustrato estéril inoculados con B.subtilis, Tratamiento 2 (T2) semillas y sustrato no estéril inoculado con B.subtilis, Tratamiento 3 (T3) semillas y sustrato estéril sin inocular y Tratamiento 4 (T4) las semillas y el sustrato no estéril sin inocular. En el momento de la cosecha se midieron diferentes parámetros agronómicos como el peso fresco y seco de parte aérea, el número de hojas, la altura de la planta, el área foliar, el color de las hojas, el contenido relativo en clorofila y el peso fresco y seco de las raíces. También se analizaron parámetros relacionados con la calidad , como la vitamina C, la capacidad antioxidante , el contenido de fenoles totales, el contenido de pigmentos, el pardeamiento y el contenido en o‐quinona soluble, la actividad enzimática, el contenido de iones y contenido microbiano. La utilización de B. subtilis no afectó a la producción ni al desarrollo de la planta pero si aumentó la capacidad antioxidante y disminuyó el contenido en clorofilas a y b.Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences. Università di Torino

Study of the flying ability of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae) adults using a computer-monitored flight mill

The red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae), native to tropical Asian regions, has become a serious threat to palm trees all over the world. Knowledge of its flight potential is vital to improving the preventive and curative measures currently used to manage this pest. As R. ferrugineus is a quarantine pest, it is difficult to study its flight potential in the field. A computer-monitored flight mill was adapted to analyse the flying ability of R. ferrugineus through the study of different flight parameters (number of flights, total distance flown, longest single flight, flight duration, and average and maximum speed) and the influence of the weevil s sex, age, and body size on these flight parameters. Despite significant differences in the adult body size (body weight and length) of males and females, the sex of R. ferrugineus adults did not have an influence on their flight potential. Neither adult body size nor age was found to affect the weevil s flying abilities, although there was a significantly higher percentage of individuals flying that were 8 23 days old than 1 7 days old. Compared to the longest single flight, 54% of the insects were classified as short-distance flyers (covering <100m) and 36 and 10% were classified as medium- (100 5000m) and long-distance (> 5000m), respectively. The results are compared with similar studies on different insect species under laboratory and field conditions.The authors wish to thank researcher Daniel Sauvard (INRA - Unite de Zoologie Forestiere - Orleans) for helping in the knowledge of the flight mill technique. For the help in the design and construction of the flight mill device, we thank Anna Comes and Inaki Moratal. For the reviews on the previous versions of this manuscript, we thank Ferran Garcia-Mari (Universitat Politecnica de Valencia - Instituto Agroforestal del Mediterraneo) and Apostolos Pekas (Biobest Belgium N. V.). This research was partially funded by the Foundation of the Comunidad Valencia for the Agroalimentary Research, Agroalimed, within the project named: Study of the flight behaviour and chromatic attraction in Rhynchophorus ferrugineus adults (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).Ávalos Masó, JA.; Martí Campoy, A.; Soto Tornero, MT. (2014). Study of the flying ability of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae) adults using a computer-monitored flight mill. Bulletin of Entomological Research. 104(4):462-467. doi:10.1017/S0007485314000121S4624671044OEPP/EPPO (2008). Rhynchophorus ferrugineus. Data sheets on quarantine pests. Available online at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2338.2008.01195.x/pdf.Heath, R. R., Coffelt, J. A., Sonnet, P. E., Proshold, F. 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Environmental Entomology, 35(4), 887-893. doi:10.1603/0046-225x-35.4.887Cooter, R. J., & Armes, N. J. (1993). Tethered Flight Technique for Monitoring the Flight Performance of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Environmental Entomology, 22(2), 339-345. doi:10.1093/ee/22.2.339Hallett, R. H., Gries, G., Gries, R., Borden, J. H., Czyzewska, E., Oehlschlager, A. C., … Rauf, A. (1993). Aggregation pheromones of two asian palm Weevils,Rhynchophorus ferrugineus andR. vulneratus. Naturwissenschaften, 80(7), 328-331. doi:10.1007/bf01141908Chen, H., Kaufmann, C., & Scherm, H. (2006). Laboratory Evaluation of Flight Performance of the Plum Curculio (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 99(6), 2065-2071. doi:10.1093/jee/99.6.2065Kloft, W., Kloft, E., Kanagaratnam, P., & Pinto, J. (2009). Studies on the Use of Radioisotopes for the Control of Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus ferruginues F. by the Sterile Insect Technique. COCOS, 4(0), 11. doi:10.4038/cocos.v4i0.979Dubois, G. F., Le Gouar, P. J., Delettre, Y. R., Brustel, H., & Vernon, P. (2010). Sex-biased and body condition dependent dispersal capacity in the endangered saproxylic beetle Osmoderma eremita (Coleoptera: Cetoniidae). Journal of Insect Conservation, 14(6), 679-687. doi:10.1007/s10841-010-9296-0El-Sabea, A. M. R., Faleiro, J. R., & Abo-El-Saad, M. M. (2009). The threat of red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus to date plantations of the Gulf region in the Middle-East: An economic perspective. Outlooks on Pest Management, 20(3), 131-134. doi:10.1564/20jun11Hughes, J., & Dorn, S. (2002). Sexual differences in the flight performance of the oriental fruit moth, Cydia molesta. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 103(2), 171-182. doi:10.1046/j.1570-7458.2002.00967.xMoriya, S., & Hiroyoshi, S. (1998). Flight and Locomotion Activity of the Sweet potato Weevil (Coleoptera: Brentidae) in Relation to Adult Age, Mating Status, and Starvation. Journal of Economic Entomology, 91(2), 439-443. doi:10.1093/jee/91.2.439Vit�, J. P., Bakke, A., & Hughes, P. R. (1974). Ein Populationslockstoff des zw�lfz�hnigen Kiefernborkenk�fersIps sexdentatus. Die Naturwissenschaften, 61(8), 365-366. doi:10.1007/bf00600309Weissling, T. J., Giblin-Davis, R. M., Center, B. J., & Hiyakawa, T. (1994). Flight Behavior and Seasonal Trapping of Rhynchophorus cruentatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 87(5), 641-647. doi:10.1093/aesa/87.5.641Weissling, T. J., Giblin-Davis, R. M., Gries, G., Gries, R., Perez, A. L., Pierce, H. D., & Oehlschlager, A. C. (1994). Aggregation pheromone of palmetto weevil,Rhynchophorus cruentatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Journal of Chemical Ecology, 20(3), 505-515. doi:10.1007/bf02059593Sarvary, M. A., Hight, S. D., Carpenter, J. E., Bloem, S., Bloem, K. A., & Dorn, S. (2008). Identification of Factors Influencing Flight Performance of Field-Collected and Laboratory-Reared, Overwintered, and Nonoverwintered Cactus Moths Fed with Field-Collected Host Plants. Environmental Entomology, 37(5), 1291-1299. doi:10.1093/ee/37.5.1291Gries, G., Gries, R., Perez, A. L., Oehlschlager, A. C., Gonzales, L. M., Pierce, H. D., … Nanou, N. (1993). Aggregation pheromone of the African palm weevil,Rhynchophorus phoenicis F. Naturwissenschaften, 80(2), 90-91. doi:10.1007/bf01140426Rochat, D., Malosse, C., Lettere, M., Ducrot, P.-H., Zagatti, P., Renou, M., & Descoins, C. (1991). Male-produced aggregation pheromone of the american palm weevil,Rhynchophorus palmarum (L.) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae): Collection, identification, electrophysiogical activity, and laboratory bioassay. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 17(11), 2127-2141. doi:10.1007/bf00987996SCHUMACHER, P., WEyENETH, A., WEBER, D. C., & DORN, S. (1997). Long flights in Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) measured by a flight mill: influence of sex, mated status and age. Physiological Entomology, 22(2), 149-160. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1997.tb01152.

Facile synthesis of oxo-/thioxopyrimidines and tetrazoles C–C linked to sugars as novel non-toxic antioxidant acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

Microwave-assisted synthesis of oxo-/thioxopyrimidines and tetrazoles linked to furanoses with D-xylo and D-ribo configuration, and to a D-galacto pyranose is reported and compared to conventional methods. Reaction of dialdofuranoses and dialdopyranoses with a b-keto ester and urea or thiourea under micro wave irradiation at 300 W gave in 10 min the target molecules containing the 2-oxo- or 2-thioxo-pyrimidine ring in high yield. The tetrazole-derived compounds were obtained in two steps by reaction of the formyl group with hydroxylamine hydrochloride, copper sulfate, triethylamine and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide to give an intermediate nitrile, which was then treated with sodium azide. The use of microwave irradiation in the latter step also resulted in a considerably shorter reaction time (10 min) compared to hours under conventional heating to obtain a complete starting materials conversion. Acetylcholinesterase inhibition ranged from 20% to 80% for compounds concentration of 100 lg/mL, demonstrating the potential of this family of compounds for the control of Alzheimer’s disease symptoms. Most of the compounds showed antioxidant activity in the b-carotene/linoleic acid assay, some of them exhibiting IC50 values in the same order of magnitude as those of gallic acid. The bioactive compounds did not show cytotoxic effects to human lymphocytes using the MTT method adapted for non-adherent cells, nor geno toxicity determined by the short-term in vitro chromosomal aberration assay.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Selective targeting of human and animal pathogens of the helicobacter genus by flavodoxin inhibitors: Efficacy, synergy, resistance and mechanistic studies

Antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacteria constitute a global health concern. Helicobacter py-lori is a Gram-negative bacterium that infects about half of the human population and is a major cause of peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer. Increasing resistance to triple and quadruple H. pylori eradication therapies poses great challenges and urges the development of novel, ideally narrow spectrum, antimicrobials targeting H. pylori. Here, we describe the antimicrobial spectrum of a family of nitrobenzoxadiazol-based antimicrobials initially discovered as inhibitors of flavodoxin: an essential H. pylori protein. Two groups of inhibitors are described. One group is formed by nar-row-spectrum compounds, highly specific for H. pylori, but ineffective against enterohepatic Helico-bacter species and other Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria. The second group includes ex-tended-spectrum antimicrobials additionally targeting Gram-positive bacteria, the Gram-negative Campylobacter jejuni, and most Helicobacter species, but not affecting other Gram-negative pathogens. To identify the binding site of the inhibitors in the flavodoxin structure, several H. pylori-flavodoxin variants have been engineered and tested using isothermal titration calorimetry. An initial study of the inhibitors capacity to generate resistances and of their synergism with antimicrobials commonly used in H. pylori eradication therapies is described. The narrow-spectrum inhibitors, which are ex-pected to affect the microbiota less dramatically than current antimicrobial drugs, offer an oppor-tunity to develop new and specific H. pylori eradication combinations to deal with AMR in H. pylori. On the other hand, the extended-spectrum inhibitors constitute a new family of promising antimi-crobials, with a potential use against AMR Gram-positive bacterial pathogens. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland

Changes in plasma fatty acid composition are associated with improvements in obesity and related metabolic disorders: A therapeutic approach to overweight adolescents

Background & aims: In recent years, obesity has reached alarming levels among children and adolescents. The study of plasma fatty acid (FA) composition, as a reflection of diet, and its associations with other parameters, that are closely linked to obesity and the cardiometabolic profile, may be useful for setting nutritional goals for obesity treatment and prevention. This study explored the relationship between plasma FA levels and body fat and cardiometabolic risk markers, in overweight adolescents. Methods: A multidisciplinary weight loss program was followed by 127 overweight and obese adolescents aged 12-17 years old. Plasma FA composition, anthropometric indicators of adiposity and biochemical parameters were analyzed at baseline, two months (the end of the intensive intervention phase) and six months (the end of the extensive phase). Results: While saturated fatty acid (SFA) and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels decreased significantly during the intervention, monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and n-3 PUFA showed the opposite trend. The decrease in SFA C14:0 was associated with a reduction in total and LDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein B and insulin. The increase in MUFAs, especially C18:1n-9, was related to a reduction in weight, fat mass, fat mass index and glucose. Regarding PUFAs, changes in the n-3 series were not associated with any of the parameters studied, whereas the reduction in n-6 PUFA5 was directly related to weight, fat mass, total and HDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein Al, glucose and insulin, and inversely associated with diastolic blood pressure. The adolescents with greater weight loss presented significant changes in MUFAs, n-6 PUFA5 and C14:0. Conclusions: Modifications in plasma FA composition were associated with adiposity reduction and cardiometabolic profile improvement in an anti-obesity program aimed at adolescents. The changes observed in FA composition were related to the success of the treatment, since the individuals most affected by these variations were those who presented the greatest weight loss

Relation between plasma antioxidant vitamin levels, adiposity and cardio-metabolic profile in adolescents: Effects of a multidisciplinary obesity programme

Background & aims In vivo and in vitro evidence suggests that antioxidant vitamins and carotenoids may be key factors in the treatment and prevention of obesity and obesity-associated disorders. Hence, the objective of the present study was to determine the relationship between plasma lipid-soluble antioxidant vitamin and carotenoid levels and adiposity and cardio-metabolic risk markers in overweight and obese adolescents participating in a multidisciplinary weight loss programme. Methods A therapeutic programme was conducted with 103 adolescents aged 12–17 years old and diagnosed with overweight or obesity. Plasma concentrations of a-tocopherol, retinol, ß-carotene and lycopene, anthropometric indicators of general and central adiposity, blood pressure and biochemical parameters were analysed at baseline and at 2 and 6 months of treatment. Results Lipid-corrected retinol (P < 0.05), ß-carotene (P = 0.001) and a-tocopherol (P < 0.001) plasma levels increased significantly, whereas lipid-corrected lycopene levels remained unaltered during the treatment. Anthropometric indicators of adiposity (P < 0.001), blood pressure (P < 0.01) and biochemical parameters (P < 0.05) decreased significantly, whereas fat free mass increased significantly (P < 0.001). These clinical and biochemical improvements were related to changes in plasma lipid-corrected antioxidant vitamin and carotenoid levels. The adolescents who experienced the greatest weight loss also showed the largest decrease in anthropometric indicators of adiposity and biochemical parameters and the highest increase in fat free mass. Weight loss in these adolescents was related to an increase in plasma levels of lipid-corrected a-tocopherol (P = 0.001), ß-carotene (P = 0.034) and lycopene (P = 0.019). Conclusions Plasma lipid-soluble antioxidant vitamin and carotenoid levels are associated with reduced adiposity, greater weight loss and an improved cardio-metabolic profile in overweight and obese adolescents

Design of the nutritional therapy for overweight and obese Spanish adolescents conducted by registered dieticians: the EVASYON study

Background: Dietary treatment for obese adolescents should aim to ensure adequate growth and development, by reducing excessive fat mass accumulation, avoiding loss of lean body mass, improving well-being and selfesteem and preventing cyclical weight regain. The aim of this article is to describe the dietary intervention design and the methods used to evaluate nutritional knowledge and behavior in the EVASYON study (Development, implementation and evaluation of the efficacy of a therapeutic programme for overweight/obese adolescents). Methods/design: EVASYON is a multi-centre study conducted in 5 Spanish hospital settings (Granada, Madrid, Pamplona, Santander and Zaragoza), where 204 overweight/obese Spanish adolescents were treated in groups of 9 to 11 subjects over 20 visits. The study was implemented in two stages: an intensive, calorie-restricted period for the first 9 weeks, and an extensive body-weight follow-up period for the last 11 months. A moderate energy intake restriction was applied in the intensive period according to the degree of obesity, on the basis of a balanced diet supplying 50-55% of daily energy as carbohydrates; 30-35% as fats and 10-15% as proteins. In the intensive period, adolescents were prescribed both a fixed full-day meal plan for the first three weeks and a full day meal plan with different food-choices for 6 weeks. Later, adolescents received a flexible meal plan based on food exchanges for the follow-up period until the end of the trial. Data on food intake, dietary and meal-related habits and behavior were collected by means of dietary questionnaires. To analyse nutritional knowledge, adolescents were examined regarding nutrient concepts and food items for a healthy diet with the appropriate tools. Participants were given nutritional information with complementary teaching material, which was available on the EVASYON website (www.estudioevasyon.com). Discussion: The dietary intervention of the EVASYON programme with a moderate calorie restriction for a limi - ted period of time could be a good strategy in treating overweight and obese adolescents and that will be tested further. Moreover, combining fixed plan with free-choice menus may help adolescents and their families to make right decisions for every day meals

Design and evaluation of a treatment programme for Spanish adolescents with overweight and obesity. The EVASYON Study

Background The prevalence of overweight and obesity (OW/OB) among adolescents worldwide has increased since the 60 s. Spain has reached one of the highest OW/OB prevalence rates among adolescents from European countries. The aim of this methodological paper is to describe the design and evaluation in the EVASYON study (Development, implementation and evaluation of the efficacy of a therapeutic programme for adolescents with OW/OB: integral education on nutrition and physical activity). Methods/Design The EVASYON was planned by a multidisciplinary team to treat OW/OB in Spanish adolescents. The EVASYON is a multi-centre study conducted in 5 hospitals in 5 Spanish cities (Granada, Madrid, Pamplona, Santander and Zaragoza) and two hundred and four OW/OB Spanish adolescents were recruited for this intervention. The treatment was implemented for approximately one-year follow-up. The adolescents were treated in groups of a maximum of 10 subjects; each group had 20 visits during the treatment period in two phases: intensive during the first 2 months (1st to 9th visits), and extensive during the last 11 months (10th to 20th visits). In order to assess the efficacy of the treatment, 8 dimensions were measured: diet; physical activity and fitness; eating behaviour; body composition; haematological profile; metabolic profile; minerals and vitamins; immuno-inflammatory markers. Moreover, genetic polymorphisms were also determined. Discussion The treatment programme developed in the EVASYON study was designed as a national pilot study to be implemented as an effective treatment for adolescents with OW/OB into the Spanish Health Care Service

Common variants in genes related to lipid and energy metabolism are associated with weight loss after an intervention in overweight/obese adolescents

Background: Some SNPs related to lipid and energy metabolism may be implicated not only in the development of obesity and associated comorbidities, but also in the weight loss response after a nutritional intervention. Objective: In this context, the present study analyzed four SNPs located within four genes known to be associated with obesity and other obesity-related complications, and their putative role in a weight-loss intervention in overweight/obese adolescents. Methods: The study population consisted of 199 overweight/obese adolescents (13-16 yr old) undergoing 10 weeks of a weight loss multidisciplinary intervention: the EVASYON programme (www.estudioevasyon.org). Adolescents were genotyped for 4 SNPs, and anthropometric measurements and biochemical markers were analyzed at the beginning and after the intervention. Results: Interestingly, APOA5(rs662799) was associated with the baseline anthropometric and biochemical outcomes, whereas FTO (rs9939609) seemed to be related with the change of these values after the 10-week intervention. The other two SNPs, located in the CETP (rs1800777) and the APOA1 (rs670) genes, showed important relationships with adiposity markers. Specifically, a combined model including both SNPs turned up to explain up to 24% of BMI-SDS change after 10 weeks of the multidisciplinary intervention, which may contribute to under - stand the weight loss response. Conclusion: Common variants in genes related to lipid and energy metabolism may influence not only biochemical outcomes but also weight loss response after a multidisciplinary intervention carried out in obese/overweight adolescents..Antecedentes: Algunas variantes genéticas relacionadas con el metabolismo lipídico y energético pueden estar implicadas en la respuesta a una intervención nutricional además de estar asociadas con el desarrollo de obesidad y comorbilidades asociadas. Objetivo: En este sentido, este artículo analiza cuatro polimorfismos situados en cuatro genes que han sido previamente asociados con la obesidad u otras complicaciones asociadas a la misma, así como su posible papel en la respuesta a una intervención para la pérdida de peso en adolescentes con sobrepeso u obesidad. Métodos: La población en estudio está formada por 199 adolescentes con sobrepeso u obesidad (13-16 años) llevando a cabo una intervención multidisciplinar de 10 semanas para la pérdida de peso: programa EVASYON (www.estudioevasyon.org). Los adolescentes fueron genotipados para los 4 SNPs y tanto al comienzo como al final de la intervención se analizaron marcadores bioquímicos y se tomaron medidas antropométricas. Resultados: Rs662799 del gen APOA5 se asoció al inicio con parámetros antropométricos y bioquímicos, mientras que el rs9939609 del gen FTO parecía estar asociado con el cambio de estas variables tras 10 semanas de intervención. Las variantes rs1800777 del gen CETP y rs670 del gen APOA1 mostraron una importante asociación con marcadores de adiposidad. Concretamente, un modelo combinado incluyendo los dos polimorfismos logró explicar hasta un 24% del cambio en el IMC-SDS tras 10 semanas de intervención. Conclusión: Variantes genéticas previamente relacionadas con el metabolismo lipídico y energético, pueden repercutir no solamente en valores bioquímicos sino también en la respuesta a una intervención multidisciplinar para la pérdida de peso en adolescentes con sobrepeso u obesidad