Trap rocks of Palouse region as road material (045, AES Bulletin, 1904)

13 p., University of Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin No. 45 July 190

Trap rocks of Palouse region as road material, part II (050, AES Bulletin, 1905)

15 p., University of Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin No. 50 Sept. 190

The perception of attractiveness and trustworthiness in male faces affects hypothetical voting decisions differently in wartime and peacetime scenarios

Facial appearance of candidates has been linked to real election outcomes. Here we extend these findings by examining the contributions of attractiveness and trustworthiness in male faces to perceived votability. We first use real faces to show that attractiveness and trustworthiness are positively and independently related to perceptions of good leadership (rating study). We then show that computer graphic manipulations of attractiveness and trustworthiness influence choice of leader (Experiments 1 and 2). Finally, we show that changing context from wartime to peacetime can affect which face receives the most votes. Attractive faces were relatively more valued for wartime and trustworthy faces relatively more valued for peacetime (Experiments 1 and 2). This pattern suggests that attractiveness, which may indicate health and fitness, is perceived to be a useful attribute in wartime leaders, whereas trustworthiness, which may indicate prosocial traits, is perceived to be more important during peacetime. Our studies highlight the possible role of facial appearance in voting behaviour and the role of attributions of attractiveness and trust. We also show that there may be no general characteristics of faces that make them perceived as the best choice of leader; leaders may be chosen because of characteristics that are perceived as the best for leaders to possess in particular situations

Variation in Recruitment and Early Demography in Pinus Rigida Following Crown Fire in the Pine Barrens of Long Island, New York

Following severe, stand-replacing fires in 1995, we quantified emergence, growth and survival in Pinus rigida seedlings in eight stands in three areas of the pine barrens of Long Island, New York, USA, and examined factors contributing to spatial and temporal variation in recruitment. We followed 6431 marked seedlings in the first cohort following fire, as well as additional cohorts in subsequent years, for 7 years to assess the effects of fire intensity, soil characteristics, intraspecific density, interspecific competition and facilitation on variation in early demography at three different scales. We found substantial variation in many of the demographic parameters measured between plots within stands (10–50 m apart), among stands within areas (600– 1500 m apart), and among forest areas (5 –30 km apart), as well as among years. Almost all adult P. rigida in most of the stands studied were killed by the 1995 fires and population recovery therefore depended upon recruitment from seed. Initial recruitment appears to be largely determined by seed limitation, which was affected by fire intensity combined with serotiny and other factors. Subsequent seedling survival and growth were determined largely by inherent differences among areas and sites in factors including cover of the shrub Quercus ilicifolia and soil texture and composition. Initial seedling density, and subsequent survival and growth, varied among plots within sites, among sites within areas, and among areas. Early survival was negatively correlated with intraspecific seedling density, but was enhanced by neighbouring Q. ilicifolia, although these shrubs inhibited later seedling growth. Early demographic variation may determine many of the differences observed among mature populations in this landscape. Variation in demographic parameters across space and time, and over a hierarchy of scales, may have critical consequences at the population, community and landscape levels. A comprehensive evaluation of the nature and extent of such demographic variation across different systems would have major implications for understanding vegetation patterns at the population, community and landscape levels

Modelling and measurement of the dispersion of radioactive emissions from a nuclear fuel fabrication plant in the U.K.

The ground-level air concentrations of supported and total 234Th were determined over a period of 1 year at four sites in the vicinity of a nuclear fuel fabrication plant in northwest England. Both supported and unsupported 234Th were found, with mean monthly concentrations of total 234Th 13 times those observed at a control site 50 km north of the factory. Bulk deposition rates of total 234Th were found to be 2–3 times the background values. Analysis of mosses revealed a systematic decrease in supported 234Th concentrations with distance from the factory, with background values reached at a distance of about 1.5 km. Road dust samples showed a similar decrease in supported 234Th concentrations with distance, but with significant departures from this trend, possibly being evidence for the mechanical transport of contaminated dust from the factory. A Gaussian plume dispersion model was able to predict 85% of the observed air concentrations within a factor of four, despite large uncertainties in some source parameters