Codes of Fair Competition: The National Recovery Act, 1933-1935, and the Women’s Dress Manufacturing Industry

Controversial issues prevalent in today’s ready-to-wear apparel industry include the right of workers to join unions, the proliferation of sweatshops and sweatshop conditions, and design piracy. The idea of forming codes of conduct to establish criteria of ethical business practices is not new to the apparel industry. Indeed, the women’s dress manufacturing industry discussed and debated codes of fair competition under the New Deal Policies of the National Recovery Act (NRA) of 1933 to 1935. Primary sources for this study included governmental hearings in the establishment of the NRA Dress Code, The New York Times, Women’s Wear Daily, and the Journal of the Patent Office Society. The history of the NRA codes implemented in the U.S. women’s ready-to-wear apparel industry provides an important case study highlighting the difficulties and complexities of creating and achieving industry-wide standard practices through self-regulation. The failure of the NRA demonstrates that even with the joint cooperation of industry, labor, and consumer groups and the backing of the force of law, codes of fair competition proved impossible to enforce

New insights into the genetic etiology of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias

Characterization of the genetic landscape of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related dementias (ADD) provides a unique opportunity for a better understanding of the associated pathophysiological processes. We performed a two-stage genome-wide association study totaling 111,326 clinically diagnosed/'proxy' AD cases and 677,663 controls. We found 75 risk loci, of which 42 were new at the time of analysis. Pathway enrichment analyses confirmed the involvement of amyloid/tau pathways and highlighted microglia implication. Gene prioritization in the new loci identified 31 genes that were suggestive of new genetically associated processes, including the tumor necrosis factor alpha pathway through the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex. We also built a new genetic risk score associated with the risk of future AD/dementia or progression from mild cognitive impairment to AD/dementia. The improvement in prediction led to a 1.6- to 1.9-fold increase in AD risk from the lowest to the highest decile, in addition to effects of age and the APOE ε4 allele

Arhgap21 Protein, A New Partner Of α-tubulin Involved In Cell-cell Adhesion Formation And Essential For Epithelial-mesenchymal Transition

Cell-cell adhesions and the cytoskeletons play important and coordinated roles in cell biology, including cell differentiation, development, and migration. Adhesion and cytoskeletal dynamics are regulated by Rho-GTPases. ARHGAP21 is a negative regulator of Rho-GTPases, particularly Cdc42. Here we assess the function ofARHGAP21in cell-cell adhesion, cell migration, and scattering. We find that ARHGAP21 is localized in the nucleus, cytoplasm, or perinuclear region but is transiently redistributed to cell-cell junctions 4 h after initiation of cell-cell adhesion. ARHGAP21 interacts with Cdc42, and decreased Cdc42 activity coincides with the appearance of ARHGAP21 at the cell-cell junctions. Cells lacking ARHGAP21 expression show weaker cell-cell adhesions, increased cell migration, and a diminished ability to undergo hepatocyte growth factor-induced epithelialmesenchymal transition (EMT). 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Metabolismo ósseo de vacas jovens Nelore em pastos de Brachiaria brizantha suplementadas ou não durante a seca com fósforo/cálcio e concentrado Bone metabolism of young Nellore cows in Brachiaria brizantha pastures supplemented or not during the dry season with dicalcium phosphate and concentrate

Vacas sob dietas deficientes em fósforo (P) não têm respondido à suplementação desse elemento no final da gestação, mesmo com adequação de outros nutrientes, mas parecem responder na lactação. Estudou-se a resposta à suplementação de cálcio e de fósforo com ou sem proteína e energia, durante a seca, sobre o metabolismo ósseo de vacas em pastejo. Todos os animais receberam mistura mineral completa nas águas, enquanto, na seca, mistura mineral completa (MMC) e mistura mineral sem fosfato bicálcico, com (MMR) ou sem (MM) suplemento protéico-energético. Vacas recebendo suplemento protéico-energético durante a seca tenderam à menor variação nas medidas ósseas. As concentrações de Ca nas cinzas dos ossos foram sempre inferiores a 34%, sem qualquer sintoma de deficiência do elemento. A concentração de P nas cinzas também esteve marginal em relação às concentrações consideradas adequadas, mesmo nas vacas que recebiam P suplementar o ano todo, enquanto o P plasmático permaneceu na faixa normal. Osteocalcina e fosfatase alcalina óssea apresentaram valores mais elevados durante a gestação, época em que deoxipiridinolina apresentou valores mais baixos. As vacas que receberam suplemento protéico-energético na seca também apresentaram valores de deoxipiridinolina mais baixos. Deoxipiridinolina aumentou na época do parto e no início de lactação. Independentemente dos tratamentos estudados, vacas de cria não apresentaram sinais de deterioração da qualidade do osso em três anos de experimento.<br>Cows on diets deficient in P have not responded P supplementation during late pregnancy, although they may respond in early lactation. Bone metabolism of range cows has been monitored. All cows received complete mineral mixtures during wet season; during dry season, the imposed treatments were: complete mineral mixtures (MMC) or mineral mixtures lacking dicalcium phosphate, supplemented (MMR) or not (MM) with concentrate. Cows supplemented with the concentrate tended to show less variation on bone measurements. Calcium concentrations on bone ash were always below 34% without any symptom of Ca deficiency. Phosphorus concentrations on bone ash were also marginal, even in cows that received additional P all year round, while plasma P was always normal. Osteocalcin and bone alkaline phosphatase showed higher values (P<0.05) during late pregancy, when deoxypyridinoline concentrations were the lowest. Deoxypyridinoline increased at parturition and during early lactation. Cows that received concentrate also presented lower deoxypyridinoline mean values. After three years, beef cows did not show signs of bone loss in any of the treatments