Large-Eddy Simulations of Magnetohydrodynamic Turbulence in Heliophysics and Astrophysics

We live in an age in which high-performance computing is transforming the way we do science. Previously intractable problems are now becoming accessible by means of increasingly realistic numerical simulations. One of the most enduring and most challenging of these problems is turbulence. Yet, despite these advances, the extreme parameter regimes encountered in space physics and astrophysics (as in atmospheric and oceanic physics) still preclude direct numerical simulation. Numerical models must take a Large Eddy Simulation (LES) approach, explicitly computing only a fraction of the active dynamical scales. The success of such an approach hinges on how well the model can represent the subgrid-scales (SGS) that are not explicitly resolved. In addition to the parameter regime, heliophysical and astrophysical applications must also face an equally daunting challenge: magnetism. The presence of magnetic fields in a turbulent, electrically conducting fluid flow can dramatically alter the coupling between large and small scales, with potentially profound implications for LES/SGS modeling. In this review article, we summarize the state of the art in LES modeling of turbulent magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) ows. After discussing the nature of MHD turbulence and the small-scale processes that give rise to energy dissipation, plasma heating, and magnetic reconnection, we consider how these processes may best be captured within an LES/SGS framework. We then consider several special applications in heliophysics and astrophysics, assessing triumphs, challenges,and future directions

Elliptic flow of charged particles at midrapidity relative to the spectator plane in Pb–Pb and Xe–Xe collisions

Measurements of the elliptic flow coefficient relative to the collision plane defined by the spectator neutrons v2{ SP} in collisions of Pb ions at center-of-mass energy per nucleon–nucleon pair √ 2.76 TeV and Xe ions at √ sNN = sNN =5.44 TeV are reported. The results are presented for charged particles produced at midrapidity as a function of centrality and transverse momentum for the 5–70% and 0.2–6 GeV/c ranges, respectively. The ratio between v2{ SP} and the elliptic flow coefficient relative to the participant plane v2{4}, estimated using four-particle correlations, deviates by up to 20% from unity depending on centrality. This observation differs strongly from the magnitude of the corresponding eccentricity ratios predicted by the TRENTo and the elliptic power models of initial state fluctuations that are tuned to describe the participant plane anisotropies. The differences can be interpreted as a decorrelation of the neutron spectator plane and the reaction plane because of fragmentation of the remnants from the colliding nuclei, which points to an incompleteness of current models describing the initial state fluctuations. A significant transverse momentum dependence of the ratio v2{ SP}/v2{4} is observed in all but the most central collisions, which may help to understand whether momentum anisotropies at low and intermediate transverse momentum have a common origin in initial state f luctuations. The ratios of v2{ SP} and v2{4} to the corresponding initial state eccentricities for Xe–Xe and Pb–Pb collisions at similar initial entropy density show a difference of (7.0 ±0.9)%with an additional variation of +1.8% when including RHIC data in the TRENTo parameter extraction. These observations provide new experimental constraints for viscous effects in the hydrodynamic modeling of the expanding quark–gluon plasma produced in heavy-ion collisions at the LHC

First measurement of Ωc0 production in pp collisions at s=13 TeV

The inclusive production of the charm–strange baryon 0 c is measured for the first time via its hadronic √ decay into −π+ at midrapidity (|y| <0.5) in proton–proton (pp) collisions at the centre-of-mass energy s =13 TeV with the ALICE detector at the LHC. The transverse momentum (pT) differential cross section multiplied by the branching ratio is presented in the interval 2 < pT < 12 GeV/c. The pT dependence of the 0 c-baryon production relative to the prompt D0-meson and to the prompt 0 c-baryon production is compared to various models that take different hadronisation mechanisms into consideration. In the measured pT interval, the ratio of the pT-integrated cross sections of 0 c and prompt + c baryons multiplied by the −π+ branching ratio is found to be larger by a factor of about 20 with a significance of about 4σ when compared to e+e− collisions

The Metabolic Syndrome And Sexual Function In Climacteric Women: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Studies have associated the metabolic syndrome with poor sexual function; the results, however, are controversial. Aims: To evaluate the relationship between the metabolic syndrome and sexual function and to identify the factors associated with poor sexual function. Methods: A secondary analysis of a cross-sectional cohort study including 256 women of 40-60 years of age receiving care at the outpatient department of a university teaching hospital. Main Outcome Measures: A specific questionnaire was applied to collect sociodemographic and behavioral data, and the Short Personal Experience Questionnaire was used to evaluate sexual function, with a score≤7 being indicative of poor sexual function. Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, fasting glucose, high-density lipoprotein, total cholesterol, triglycerides, follicle-stimulating hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone levels were determined. Results: The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome, as defined by the International Diabetes Federation, was 62.1%, and the prevalence of poor sexual function was 31.4%. The only factor related to female sexual function that was associated with the metabolic syndrome was sexual dysfunction in the woman's partner. The factors associated with poor sexual function in the bivariate analysis were age >50 years (P=0.003), not having a partner (P<0.001), being postmenopausal (P=0.046), the presence of hot flashes (P=0.02), poor self-perception of health (P=0.04), partner's age ≥50 years, and time with partner ≥21 years. Reported active (P=0.02) and passive (P=0.01) oral sex was associated with an absence of sexual dysfunction. In the multiple regression analysis, the only factor associated with poor sexual function was being 50 years of age or more. Conclusions: The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was high and was not associated with poor sexual function in this sample of menopausal women. The only factor associated with poor sexual function was being over 50 years of age.122455462Nappi, R.E., New attitudes to sexuality in the menopause: Clinical evaluation and diagnosis (2007) Climacteric, 10 (3), pp. 105-108(2012) The menopause guidebook, , The North American Menopause Society (NAMS). . 7th edition. Cleveland, OH: NAMSKim, H.M., Park, J., Ryu, S.Y., Kim, J., The effect of menopause on the metabolic syndrome among Korean women: The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001 (2007) Diabetes Care, 30, pp. 701-706Heidari, R., Sadeghi, M., Talaei, M., Rabiei, K., Mohammadifard, N., Sarrafzadegan, N., Metabolic syndrome in menopausal transition: Isfahan Healthy Heart Program, a population based study (2010) Diabetol Metab Syndr, 2, p. 59Indhavivadhana, S., Rattanachaiyanont, M., Wongvananurak, T., Kanboon, M., Techatraisak, K., Leerasiri, P., Tanmahasamut, P., Angsuwathana, S., Predictors for metabolic syndrome in perimenopausal and postmenopausal Thai women (2011) Climacteric, 14, pp. 58-65Figueiredo Neto, J.A., Figuerêdo, E.D., Barbosa, J.B., Barbosa, F.F., Costa, G.R., Nina, V.J., Nina, R.V., Metabolic syndrome and menopause: Cross-sectional study in gynaecology clinic (2010) Arq Bras Cardiol, 95, pp. 339-345Tandon, V.R., Mahajan, A., Sharma, S., Sharma, A., Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in postmenopausal women: A rural study (2010) J Midlife Health, 1, pp. 26-29Romeo, G.R., Lee, J., Shoelson, S.E., Metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and roles of inflammation-mechanisms and therapeutic targets (2012) Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 32, pp. 1771-1776Esposito, K., Ciotola, M., Marfella, R., Di Tommaso, D., Cobellis, L., Giugliano, D., The metabolic syndrome: A cause of sexual dysfunction in women (2005) Int J Impot Res, 17, pp. 224-226Ponholzer, A., Temml, C., Rauchenwald, M., Marszalek, M., Madersbacher, S., Is the metabolic syndrome a risk factor for female sexual dysfunction in sexually active women? (2008) Int J Impot Res, 20, pp. 100-104Kim, Y.H., Kim, S.M., Kim, J.J., Cho, I.S., Jeon, M.J., Does metabolic syndrome impair sexual function in middle- to old-aged women? (2011) J Sex Med, 8, pp. 1123-1130Martelli, V., Valisella, S., Moscatiello, S., Matteucci, C., Lantadilla, C., Costantino, A., Pelusi, G., Meriggiola, M.C., Prevalence of sexual dysfunction among postmenopausal women with and without metabolic syndrome (2012) J Sex Med, 9, pp. 434-441Pocock, S.J., (1987) Clinical trials: A practical approach, p. 266. , 5th edition. Chichester, UK: Wiley & Sons(2006), http://www.idf.org/webdata/docs/IDF_Meta_def_final.pdf, International Diabetes Federation. The IDF consensus worldwide definition of the metabolic syndrome. . (accessed April 20, 2012)Dennerstein, L., Anderson-Hunt, M., Dudley, E., Evaluation of a short scale to asses female functioning (2002) J Sex Marital Ther, 28, pp. 389-397Valadares, A.L., Pinto-Neto, A.M., Sousa, M.H., Osis, M.J., [Sociocultural adaptation of the short personal experiences questionnaire (SPEQ) in Brazil] (2010) Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet, 32, pp. 72-76Valadares, A.L., Pinto-Neto, A.M., Osis, M.J., Sousa, M.H., Costa-Paiva, L., Conde, D.M., Prevalence of sexual dysfunction and its associated factors in women aged 40-65 years with 11 years or more of formal education: A population-based household survey (2008) Clinics (Sao Paulo), 63, pp. 775-782Chen, E.Y., Brown, M., Obesity stigma in sexual relationships (2005) Obes Res, 13, pp. 1393-1397Kaneshiro, B., Jensen, J.T., Carlson, N.E., Harvey, S.M., Nichols, M.D., Edelman, A.B., Body mass index and sexual behaviour (2008) Obstet Gynecol, 112, pp. 586-592Bajos, N., Wellings, K., Laborde, C., Moreau, C., Group, C.S.F., Sexuality and obesity, a gender perspective: Results from French national random probability survey of sexual behaviours (2010) BMJ, 340, p. c2573Valadares, A.L., Pinto-Neto, A.M., de Souza, M.H., Osis, M.J., da Costa Paiva, L.H., The prevalence of the components of low sexual function and associated factors in middle-aged women (2011) J Sex Med, 8, pp. 2851-285

Morfometria de microbacias do Córrego Rico, afluente do Rio Mogi-Guaçu, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil Morphometric measures of Córrego Rico catchments, Mogi-Guaçu River, State of São Paulo, Brazil

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as características morfométricas das microbacias (2ª, 3ª, 4ª e 5ª ordens de magnitude) da bacia hidrográfica do córrego Rico, sub-bacia do Rio Mogi-Guaçu, localizada na região administrativa de Ribeirão Preto, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Para tanto, foram determinados os parâmetros físicos e a configuração topográfica natural do sistema de drenagem. Os procedimentos para a obtenção dos dados foram fundamentados em técnicas de sensoriamento remoto e geoprocessamento. A partir da vetorização das cartas topográficas correspondentes à área de estudo, realizou-se a análise morfométrica quanto às características dimensionais, do padrão de drenagem e do relevo no sistema de informação geográfica ArcView. A microbacia é considerada de sexta ordem de magnitude, com área estimada de 542 km², com 85 microbacias de segunda ordem, 22 de terceira, sete de quarta ordem e duas de quinta. Utilizando o critério geométrico, na disposição fluvial das sub-bacias de cabeceiras observou-se a predominância dos modelos dendríticos e subdendríticos, enquanto a jusante predominava o modelo subparalelo, respectivamente, nas áreas de ocorrências dos arenitos Bauru e rochas efusivas básicas.<br>This study had as its objective to evaluate the morphometric characteristics of the catchments of the Córrego Rico watershed, the sub-basin of the Mogi-Guaçu River, located in the administrative region of Ribeirão Preto, the State of São Paulo, Brazil, in order to measure physical parameters and topographical features of the natural drainage system. The procedures for obtaining the data were all based on remote sensing and geographic information systems. The topographic maps corresponding to the study area were extracted for analysis in the geographical information systems ArcView of the dimensional characteristics of the drainage and relief patterns. The watershed is considered a sixth order of magnitude basin, with 542 km² of area, with 85 catchments of the second order, 22 catchments of the third order, 4 catchments of the fourth order and 2 catchments of the fifth order. Using the geometric criterion, at the upriver sub-basins, the predominant models are dendritic and subdendritcs, while downstream the subparallel model is predominant, respectively, in the areas of occurrences of Bauru sandstones and effusive rocks

Can land use changes alter carbon, nitrogen and major ion transport in subtropical brazilian streams? Modificações no uso da terra podem alterar o transporte fluvial de carbono, nitrogênio e íons maiores?

Several studies in tropical watersheds have evaluated the impact of urbanization and agricultural practices on water quality. In Brazil, savannas (known regionally as Cerrados) represent 23% of the country's surface, representing an important share to the national primary growth product, especially due to intense agriculture. The purpose of this study is to present a comprehensive evaluation, on a yearly basis, of carbon, nitrogen and major ion fluxes in streams crossing areas under different land use (natural vegetation, sugar cane and eucalyptus) in a savanna region of SE Brazil. Eucalyptus and sugar cane alter the transport of the investigated elements in small watersheds. The highest concentration of all parameters (abiotic parameters, ions, dissolved organic carbon DOC - and dissolved inorganic carbon - DIC) were found in Sugar Cane Watersheds (SCW). The observed concentrations of major cations in Eucalyptus Watersheds (EW) (Mg, Ca, K, Na), as well as DIN and DOC, were found frequently to be intermediate values between those of Savanna Watersheds (SW) and SCW, suggesting a moderate impact of eucalyptus plantations on the streamwater. Same trends were found in relation to ion and nutrient fluxes, where the higher values corresponded to SCW. It is suggested that sugar cane plantations might be playing an important role in altering the chemistry of water bodies.<br>Diversos estudos têm sido desenvolvidos em bacias de drenagem tropicais no intuito de avaliar o impacto da urbanização e das práticas agrícolas na qualidade dos corpos d'água. No Brasil, as savanas (conhecidas regionalmente como Cerrado) representam 23% do território brasileiro, sendo uma região importante no crescimento nacional, especialmente devido às intensas atividades agrícolas. A finalidade deste trabalho é apresentar uma avaliação dos fluxos de carbono, nitrogênio e principais íons em córregos com diferentes usos do solo (vegetação, cana de açúcar e eucalipto) em uma região de Cerrado, SE Brasil. A cana de açúcar e o eucalipto alteram o transporte dos elementos investigados nessas pequenas bacias de drenagem. As concentrações mais elevadas de todos os parâmetros analisados (parâmetros abióticos, íons, carbono orgânico dissolvido e carbono inorgânico dissolvido) foram encontradas na bacia de cana de açúcar (SCW). As concentrações observadas para os cátions na bacia do eucalipto (EW) (Mg, Ca, K, Na), assim como Carbono Inorgânico Dissolvido (CID) e Carbono Orgânico Dissolvido (COD), apresentaram valores intermediários entre as bacias do Cerrado e da cana de açúcar, sugerindo um impacto moderado dessa plantação aos corpos d'água. Mesma tendência foi observada para os fluxos de íons e nutrientes, sendo, novamente, os maiores valores encontrados na bacia de cana-de-açúcar. Os autores sugerem que o cultivo da cana de açúcar representa um importante fator na modificação da química de pequenas bacias de drenagem