Utilization of cupuacu-seeds as raw material for chocolate-like products: variability of morphological traits and biochemistry of aroma potential

Study carried out at Embrapa Amazonia Ocidental (Manaus-AM-Brasil) on the cupuacu-seeds as raw material for chocolate-like products. The results reveal that cupuacu-seeds posses the biochemical potential to be used as raw material for chocolate-like products. However, simple application of the fermentation practices known from cocoa will not lead to a satisfactory yield of aroma precursors. There are some particular characteristics of cupuacu seeds, which must be met by appropriate fermentation procedures

Screening Of Miners And Millers At Decreasing Levels Of Asbestos Exposure: Comparison Of Chest Radiography And Thin-section Computed Tomography.

Chest radiography (CXR) is inferior to Thin-section computed tomography in the detection of asbestos related interstitial and pleural abnormalities. It remains unclear, however, whether these limitations are large enough to impair CXR´s ability in detecting the expected reduction in the frequency of these asbestos-related abnormalities (ARA) as exposure decreases. Clinical evaluation, CXR, Thin-section CT and spirometry were obtained in 1418 miners and millers who were exposed to progressively lower airborne concentrations of asbestos. They were separated into four groups according to the type, period and measurements of exposure and/or procedures for controlling exposure: Group I (1940-1966/tremolite and chrysotile, without measurements of exposure and procedures for controlling exposure); Group II (1967-1976/chrysotile only, without measurements of exposure and procedures for controlling exposure); Group III (1977-1980/chrysotile only, initiated measurements of exposure and procedures for controlling exposure) and Group IV (after 1981/chrysotile only, implemented measurements of exposure and a comprehensive procedures for controlling exposure). In all groups, CXR suggested more frequently interstitial abnormalities and less frequently pleural plaques than observed on Thin-section CT (p<0.050). The odds for asbestosis in groups of decreasing exposure diminished to greater extent at Thin-section CT than on CXR. Lung function was reduced in subjects who had pleural plaques evident only on Thin-section CT (p<0.050). In a longitudinal evaluation of 301 subjects without interstitial and pleural abnormalities on CXR and Thin-section CT in a previous evaluation, only Thin-section CT indicated that these ARA reduced as exposure decreased. CXR compared to Thin-section CT was associated with false-positives for interstitial abnormalities and false-negatives for pleural plaques, regardless of the intensity of asbestos exposure. Also, CXR led to a substantial misinformation of the effects of the progressively lower asbestos concentrations in the occurrence of asbestos-related diseases in miners and millers.10e011858

TAPER MODELS FOR Pinus taeda L. BASED ON FORM CHANGE POINTS

Este trabalho foi concebido com os objetivos de determinar matematicamente os pontos de mudan\ue7a da forma do fuste (pmf), o n\ufamero de mudan\ue7as na forma geom\ue9trica, ajustar e comparar modelos matem\ue1ticos para estimar os di\ue2metros ao longo do fuste de Pinus taeda L. Os dados foram amostrados em \ue1rvores que cresceram em povoamento implantado em espa\ue7amento de 2,50 x 2,50 m e manejado com dois desbastes, aos 9 e 14 anos, e corte final aos 30 anos pertencentes \ue0 Klabin S.A., em Tel\ueamaco Borba, estado do Paran\ue1. Quarenta \ue1rvores das classes m\ue9dias e dominantes foram abatidas e cubadas pelo M\ue9todo de Smalian, nas posi\ue7\uf5es fixas de 0,10 m; 0,30 m; 0,80 m; 1,30 m; e ap\uf3s em comprimentos de 1 em 1 m, at\ue9 a altura total. Na parte relativa \ue0 copa, os pontos de medi\ue7\ue3o foram deslocados para os entren\uf3s e a seguir foram retiradas fatias para an\ue1lise de tronco, resultando, quando considerada a idade, em conjunto de dados relativos a 649 \ue1rvores com idades entre 8 a 30 anos, das quais foram selecionadas aleatoriamente, 50 \ue1rvores em cada classe de pmf para modelagem. As \ue1rvores foram agrupadas segundo os pmf de acordo com as quantidades de pontos definidos pela segunda derivada do polin\uf4mio do 5\ub0 ajustado para cada \ue1rvore. Com base nas estat\uedsticas de ajuste e precis\ue3o na an\ue1lise gr\ue1fica dos res\uedduos, nas estat\uedsticas vi\ue9s (v), m\ue9dia das diferen\ue7as (md) e desvio padr\ue3o das diferen\ue7as (dpd) foi selecionado o Polin\uf4mio de quinto grau para estimar os di\ue2metros em alturas relativas do tronco e, alternativamente, o modelo de Garay, seguido do modelo de Max e Burkhart com dois ou modificado para um segmento conforme o n\ufamero de pmf definidos na derivada.This work was planned to describe the change point of stem taper (pmf), the number of geometric change points, adjust and compare mathematical models to predict diameters along of stem of Pinus taeda L. The data sampled were measured on trees growing in stands implanted with spacement of 2,50 x 2,50m, thinned at 9 and 14 years and final cut at 30 years old, from Klabin S.A., Tel\ueamaco Borba, Paran\ue1 state, Brazil. Fourty trees between the average and dominant trees were cut and measured with Smalian method at the positions 0,10m; 0,30m; 0,80m; 1,30m; and from them at each 1m to the top. At crown part the measured point were moved among knot. After that, at each measured point, slices to stem analysis were cut. If considered the age, a group of 649 trees between 8 to 30 years old resulted of the analysis. From this group, 50 trees were selected at random of each pmf class to modeling. The trees were grouped in pmf by the number of change point of stem shape defined by the second derivative of the polynomial 5th. Degree 5th grad Polinon adjusted for each tree. The statistics of adjustment and precision, residuals graphics, bias (v), average difference (md), and difference of standard deviation (dpd) showed as better model the polynomial 5th. degree to predict the diameter at relative height of stem, and alternatively the Garay model and the Max-Burkhart with two segments or modify to one segment according to the number of pmf calculated by the derivative

Atividade fitotóxica e fungitóxica de extratos de Vouacapoua cf americana Aublet (Leg.-Caesalp.), essência florestal nativa da Amazônia.

Embora seja reconhecida a resistência do acapu a micro-organismos, soluções a 1% (m/v) de extratos de cascas não apresentam especificidades sobre Fusarium solani f. sp. Piperis Albuq., Fusarium oxysporum Shel. e Colletotrichum agroflorestais e tem sido investigada como potencial fonte de biodefensivos agrícolas. Com base nisso, objetiva-se com o presente trabalho avaliar a atividade fitotóxica e fungitóxica de extratos da casca de acapu obtidos mediante extração seletiva a frio e a quente, com solventes em ordem crescente de polaridade. Alíquotas dos extratos brutos n-hexânico e acetato de etila foram submetidas à cromatografia líquida a vácuo em coluna de silicagel, utilizando como eluentes solventes orgânicos e suas misturas binárias em ordem crescente de polaridade. Não se observou especificidade dos extratos brutos analisados em concentração de 1,0% sobre as espécies de fungos fitopatogênicos testadas: Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporum e Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Contudo, utilizando-se esses mesmos extratos, verificou-se redução de até 44,68% na germinação de sementes da planta daninha malícia (Mimosa pudica), com reduções superiores para todos os extratos obtidos a frio. Foi observado que a fitotoxicidade do extrato bruto aquoso deveu-se à alta concentração de íons Na, promovida por estresse salino. Nos bioensaios com frações do extrato bruto n-hexânico em concentração de 0,2% e do extrato bruto acetato de etila em concentração de 1,0%, notou-se a inibição da germinação de sementes de malícia em até 41,67% e 33,33%, respectivamente. A partir dos resultados para avaliação da fitotoxicidade, concluiu-se que os extratos e frações são constituídos por fitotoxina(s) relativamente polar(es)