De la connaissance académique à l'innovation industrielle dans les sciences du vivant: essai d'une typologie organisationnelle dans le processus d'industrialisation des connaissances

Partant d’une distinction historique entre les milieux académique et industriels, cet article se propose d’étudier la manière dont s’établissent des relations entre ces deux dynamiques. Ainsi, d’une découverte scientifique dans des laboratoires publics de biologie, à un produit ou un procédé qui arrive sur le marché, doit s’opérer un processus complexe de transformation. L’idée d’innovation au sens schumpeterien du terme se révèle beaucoup trop linéaire et souvent mécaniste, pour rendre compte du procès d’industrialisation des connaissances. Le passage entre deux milieux aussi différents que sont l’académie et l’industrie, nécessite des « sas » qui seuls autorisent une adaptation progressive d’une connaissance en bien économique. La travail qui suit précise donc, dans une première partie, le fondement des étapes qui composent le « sas » pour amener une connaissance vers le marché et la manière dont s’articulent les organisations au regard des étapes à franchir. La seconde partie rend compte, au travers de l’histoire récente d’une firme les diverses modifications organisationnelles qu’elle a subies pour depuis sa création dans un contexte académique pour établir un contact avec le marché.

Turbulence characteristics of the B\"{o}dewadt layer in a large enclosed rotor-stator system

A three-dimensional (3D) direct numerical simulation is combined with a laboratory study to describe the turbulent flow in an enclosed annular rotor-stator cavity characterized by a large aspect ratio G=(b-a)/h=18.32 and a small radius ratio a/b=0.152, where a and b are the inner and outer radii of the rotating disk and h is the interdisk spacing. The rotation rate Omega under consideration is equivalent to the rotational Reynolds number Re=Omegab2/nu=9.5 x 104, where nu is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid. This corresponds to a value at which an experiment carried out at the laboratory has shown that the stator boundary layer is turbulent, whereas the rotor boundary layer is still laminar. Comparisons of the 3D computed solution with velocity measurements have given good agreement for the mean and turbulent fields. The results enhance evidence of weak turbulence at this Reynolds number, by comparing the turbulence properties with available data in the literature. An approximately self-similar boundary layer behavior is observed along the stator side. The reduction of the structural parameter a1 under the typical value 0.15 and the variation in the wall-normal direction of the different characteristic angles show that this boundary layer is three-dimensional. A quadrant analysis of conditionally averaged velocities is performed to identify the contributions of different events (ejections and sweeps) on the Reynolds shear stress producing vortical structures. The asymmetries observed in the conditionally averaged quadrant analysis are dominated by Reynolds stress-producing events in this B\"{o}dewadt layer. Moreover, case 1 vortices (with a positive wall induced velocity) are found to be the major source of generation of special strong events, in agreement with the conclusions of Lygren and Andersson.Comment: 16 page

Competition between emotional faces in visuospatial working memory.

Visuospatial working memory (VSWM) helps track the identity and location of people during social interactions. Previous work showed better VSWM when all faces at encoding displayed a happy compared to an angry expression, reflecting a prosocial preference for monitoring who was where. However, social environments are not typically uniform, and certain expressions may more strongly compete for and bias face monitoring according to valence and/or arousal properties. Here, we used heterogeneous encoding displays in which two faces shared one emotion and two shared another, and asked participants to relocate a central neutral probe face after a blank delay. When considering the emotion of the probed face independently of the co-occurring emotion at encoding, an overall happy benefit was replicated. However, accuracy was modulated by the nonprobed emotion, with a relocation benefit for angry over sad, happy over fearful, and sad over happy faces. These effects did not depend on encoding fixation time, stimulus arousal, perceptual similarity, or response bias. Thus, emotional competition for faces in VSWM is complex and appears to rely on more than simple arousal- or valence-biased mechanisms. We propose a “social value (SV)” account to better explain when and why certain emotions may be prioritized in VSWM

Effect of Condensed Tannins in Sainfoin on \u3cem\u3ein Vitro\u3c/em\u3e Protein Solubility of Lucerne

Proteins of fresh legume forages such as lucerne are highly degraded in the rumen, resulting in their inefficient use by the animal. The condensed tannins (CT) present in some forages can improve the nutritional value of these forages and of associated feeds in the diet. Previous in vitro work (Waghorn & Shelton, 1997) showed that CT from Lotus corniculatus are able to bind with and precipitate protein from a ryegrass/clover pasture, but when these forages were fed to sheep, the CT effects on digestion and animal performance were weak. This revealed a need for a better understanding of the mechanism of CT interaction between feeds. The present work was designed to measure, in vitro, the effects of CT in sainfoin when mixed with fresh lucerne

A comparison of in situ and in vitro methods to estimate in vivo fermentable organic matter of forages in ruminants

Farmers in five districts of north-eastern Uganda were interviewed to generate information on sweet potato production and constraints, with emphasis on damage by millipedes. Participatory rural appraisal methodology was used to interview 148 farmers. The peak period of planting sweet potato was from the end of May till the beginning of July in order to produce dried form food (amukeke) for storage in the dry season, which sets in around November. Vine cuttings were usually planted on mounds and weeding was mostly done only once. Osukut, Araka Red and Araka White were the most popular varieties. Many respondents obtained planting material from volunteer plants. Separation of plots over time and in space was often not practised. Sweet potato crop rotations were diverse. Millet, groundnut and maize were commonly grown after sweet potato. Cassava, sweet potato, groundnut and maize are host crops for millipedes and were often grown in succession. Millipede incidences were not statistically different for the three agro-ecological zones of north-eastern Uganda, but depended on the frequency of millipede hosts (including sweet potato) in the crop rotations. Groundnut planted after sweet potato had high levels of millipede attack. Millipede incidence was often associated with the incidence of weevils. The results of this inventory show that most farmers consider millipedes as a pest of sweet potato and other major food and cash crops, but that many farmers lack the knowledge to control them

Copper Heat Exchanger for the External Auxiliary Bus-Bars Routing Line in the LHC Insertion Regions

The corrector magnets and the main quadrupoles of the LHC dispersion suppressors are powered by a special superconducting line (called auxiliary bus-bars line N), external to the cold mass and housed in a 50 mm diameter stainless steel tube fixed to the cold mass. As the line is periodically connected to the cold mass, the same gaseous and liquid helium cools both the magnets and the line. The final sub-cooling process (from around 4.5 K down to 1.9 K) consists in the phase transformation from liquid to superfluid helium. Heat is extracted from the line through the magnets via their point of junction. In dispersion suppressor zones, approximately 40 m long, the sub-cooling of the line is slightly delayed with respect to the magnets. This might have an impact on the readiness of the accelerator for operation. In order to accelerate the process, a special heat exchanger has been designed. It is located in the middle of the dispersion suppressor portion of the line. Its main function consists in providing a local point of heat extraction, creating two additional lambda fronts that propagate in opposite directions towards the extremities of the line. Both the numerical model and the sub-cooling analysis are presented in the paper for different configurations of the line. The design, manufacturing and integration aspects of the heat exchanger are described

Thermal Design and Performance of the Electrical Distribution Feed Box of the LHC prototype cell

The Electrical Distribution Feed Box (DFBS) is a 4.5 K saturated liquid helium cryostat constructed for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) Prototype Cell (String 2). The thermal design of the DFBS is presented, with emphasis on the modelling of the cooling of the current lead chimneys via the helium bath boil-off gas and on the design of the lambda plate. The expected performance is compared to measurements done during the first operation phase of the LHC prototype cell