23,688 research outputs found
Realistic Earth escape strategies for solar sailing
With growing interest in solar sailing comes the requirement to provide a basis for future detailed planetary escape mission analysis by drawing together prior work, clarifying and explaining previously anomalies. Previously unexplained seasonal variations in sail escape times from Earth orbit are explained analytically and corroborated within a numerical trajectory model. Blended-sail control algorithms, explicitly independent of time, which providenear-optimal escape trajectories and maintain a safe minimum altitude and which are suitable as a potential autonomous onboard controller, are then presented. These algorithms are investigated from a range of initial conditions and are shown to maintain the optimality previously demonstrated by the use of a single-energy gain control law but without the risk of planetary collision. Finally, it is shown that the minimum sail characteristic acceleration required for escape from a polar orbit without traversing the Earth shadow cone increases exponentially as initial altitude is decreased
River Discharge, in State of the Climate in 2008
The global mean temperature in 2008 was slightly cooler than that in 2007; however, it still ranks within the 10 warmest years on record. Annual mean temperatures were generally well above average in South America, northern and southern Africa, Iceland, Europe, Russia, South Asia, and Australia. In contrast, an exceptional cold outbreak occurred during January across Eurasia and over southern European Russia and southern western Siberia. There has been a general increase in land-surface temperatures and in permafrost temperatures during the last several decades throughout the Arctic region, including increases of 1° to 2°C in the last 30 to 35 years in Russia. Record setting warm summer (JJA) air temperatures were observed throughout Greenland
U.S. River Discharge for 2008 in State of the Climate in 2008
The global mean temperature in 2008 was slightly cooler than that in 2007; however, it still ranks within the 10 warmest years on record. Annual mean temperatures were generally well above average in South America, northern and southern Africa, Iceland, Europe, Russia, South Asia, and Australia. In contrast, an exceptional cold outbreak occurred during January across Eurasia and over southern European Russia and southern western Siberia. There has been a general increase in land-surface temperatures and in permafrost temperatures during the last several decades throughout the Arctic region, including increases of 1° to 2°C in the last 30 to 35 years in Russia. Record setting warm summer (JJA) air temperatures were observed throughout Greenland
Evaluation of SIR-A space radar for geologic interpretation: United States, Panama, Colombia, and New Guinea
Comparisons between LANDSAT MSS imagery, and aircraft and space radar imagery from different geologic environments in the United States, Panama, Colombia, and New Guinea demonstrate the interdependence of radar system geometry and terrain configuration for optimum retrieval of geologic information. Illustrations suggest that in the case of space radars (SIR-A in particular), the ability to acquire multiple look-angle/look-direction radar images of a given area is more valuable for landform mapping than further improvements in spatial resolution. Radar look-angle is concluded to be one of the most important system parameters of a space radar designed to be used for geologic reconnaissance mapping. The optimum set of system parameters must be determined for imaging different classes of landform features and tailoring the look-angle to local topography
Bilayer Quantum Hall Systems at Filling Factor \nu=2: An Exact Diagonalisation Study
We present an exact diagonalisation study of bilayer quantum Hall systems at
a filling factor of two in the spherical geometry. We find the
high-Zeeman-coupling phase boundary of the broken symmetry canted
antiferromagnet is given exactly by previous Hartree-Fock mean-field theories,
but that the state's stability at weak Zeeman coupling has been qualitatively
overestimated. In the absence of interlayer tunneling, degeneracies occur
between total spin multiplets due to the Hamiltonian's invariance under
independent spin-rotations in top and bottom two-dimensional electron layers.Comment: Some remarks added in the discussion of the phase diagram, and some
typos corrected. Version to be published in Phys. Rev. Let
Itinerant Electron Ferromagnetism in the Quantum Hall Regime
We report on a study of the temperature and Zeeman-coupling-strength
dependence of the one-particle Green's function of a two-dimensional (2D)
electron gas at Landau level filling factor where the ground state is
a strong ferromagnet. Our work places emphasis on the role played by the
itinerancy of the electrons, which carry the spin magnetization and on
analogies between this system and conventional itinerant electron ferromagnets.
We discuss the application to this system of the self-consistent Hartree-Fock
approximation, which is analogous to the band theory description of metallic
ferromagnetism and fails badly at finite temperatures because it does not
account for spin-wave excitations. We go beyond this level by evaluating the
one-particle Green's function using a self-energy, which accounts for
quasiparticle spin-wave interactions. We report results for the temperature
dependence of the spin magnetization, the nuclear spin relaxation rate, and
2D-2D tunneling conductances. Our calculations predict a sharp peak in the
tunneling conductance at large bias voltages with strength proportional to
temperature. We compare with experiment, where available, and with predictions
based on numerical exact diagonalization and other theoretical approaches.Comment: 29 pages, 20 figure
Effective QCD Partition Function in Sectors with Non-Zero Topological Charge and Itzykson-Zuber Type Integral
It was conjectured by Jackson et.al. that the finite volume effective
partition function of QCD with the topological charge coincides with the
Itzyskon-Zuber type integral for rectangular matrices. In the
present article we give a proof of this conjecture, in which the original
Itzykson-Zuber integral is utilized.Comment: 7pages, LaTeX2
Observability of counterpropagating modes at fractional-quantum-Hall edges
When the bulk filling factor is equal to 1 - 1/m with m odd, at least one
counterpropagating chiral collective mode occurs simultaneously with
magnetoplasmons at the edge of fractional-quantum-Hall samples. Initial
experimental searches for an additional mode were unsuccessful. In this paper,
we address conditions under which its observation should be expected in
experiments where the electronic system is excited and probed by capacitive
coupling. We derive realistic expressions for the velocity of the slow
counterpropagating mode, starting from a microscopic calculation which is
simplified by a Landau-Silin-like separation between long-range Hartree and
residual interactions. The microscopic calculation determines the stiffness of
the edge to long-wavelength neutral excitations, which fixes the slow-mode
velocity, and the effective width of the edge region, which influences the
magnetoplasmon dispersion.Comment: 18 pages, RevTex, 6 figures, final version to be published in
Physical Review
Exclusion process for particles of arbitrary extension: Hydrodynamic limit and algebraic properties
The behaviour of extended particles with exclusion interaction on a
one-dimensional lattice is investigated. The basic model is called -ASEP
as a generalization of the asymmetric exclusion process (ASEP) to particles of
arbitrary length . Stationary and dynamical properties of the -ASEP
with periodic boundary conditions are derived in the hydrodynamic limit from
microscopic properties of the underlying stochastic many-body system. In
particular, the hydrodynamic equation for the local density evolution and the
time-dependent diffusion constant of a tracer particle are calculated. As a
fundamental algebraic property of the symmetric exclusion process (SEP) the
SU(2)-symmetry is generalized to the case of extended particles
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