ОБЩИННАЯ ТЕОРИЯ Н.Г.ЧЕРНЫШЕВСКОГО В ИСТОРИОГРАФИИ

Розглядається общинна теорія М.Г.Чернишевского та шляхи її вивчення у дореволюційній та радянській історіоргафії. Вказано на досягнення та вади, які були властиві достідникам цього питання.There is investigated a community theory of N.Cheryshevsky and ways of its studying in prerevolutional and revolutional historiography. There are pointed out faults and achievements of this problem researchers

The influence of forest reserve protection on the structure, stability, and functioning of dung-associated invertebrate communities

Communities are influenced by many factors, with anthropogenic impacts being one of the strongest. These factors can influence community structure and may cause non-random species loss by filtering certain traits of species, which may also determine how a species contributes to ecosystem functioning. The structure of a community can also be highly variable over short timescales and across seasons, as abiotic factors can alter a resource over the course of days and also alter intensity of competition within a community. These short-timescale influences are most noticeable in an ephemeral resource that is limited in both space and time. Changes in community structure and interactions can be represented as networks of interactions (links) among species (nodes). Interaction networks describe a community and incorporate non-trophic interactions, which can alter their structure. These are generally measured by counting the number of trophic interactions, ignoring non-trophic interactions such as competition. However, competitive interactions may be important for network dynamics, yet the most appropriate way to quantify competition remains unclear. The outcome of a competitive interaction could potentially be predicted by the body size ofcompeting individuals, and this would remove the need to observe individual interactions. These ideas were tested using the dung-associated community in an Afromontane forest reserve in Nigeria across variation in seasons and in areas that were protected from anthropogenic impacts by fencing. Trapping and recording of interactions within the community was used to assess community structure, and experiments were run to test how dung removal and secondary seed dispersal changed across seasons and in protected areas of the forest. The influence of competition was determined by altering the size and number of dung beetles present at the resource. The community structure was influenced by forest protection and varied across seasons. Additionally, the size and number of dung beetles present was higher in protected areas in the wet season, resulting in higher dung removal and secondary seed dispersal and indicating non-random species loss in unprotected areas. The attractiveness of the dung resource changed over short timescales and desiccation occurred rapidly in the dry season, which resulted in decreased insect abundance and diversity over the course of days. Individual dung removal rates were not additive, and could only be used to predict community-level dung removal when taking into account competitive interactions. The body-size ratio between winners and losers of a competition was a good predictor of an interaction outcome. Competition networks were highly connected and nested, with compartmentalisation occurring in the competition network. At the community level, effects of forest protection and changing seasons only altered network nestedness. Therefore, body size can be used to predict species responses to anthropogenic threats and community structure and function when taking into account density-dependent competitive interactions. Furthermore, when determining community responses to anthropogenic threats, sampling across changes in seasons and observing competitive interactions provides more information about a community structure and stability

Nanofocusing parabolic refractive X-ray lenses

Parabolic refractive x-ray lenses with short focal distance can generate intensive hard x-ray microbeams with lateral extensions in the 100 nm range even at a short distance from a synchrotron radiation source. We have fabricated planar parabolic lenses made of silicon that have a focal distance in the range of a few millimeters at hard x-ray energies. In a crossed geometry, two lenses were used to generate a microbeam with a lateral size of 380 nm by 210 nm at 25 keV in a distance of 42 m from the synchrotron radiation source. Using diamond as the lens material, microbeams with a lateral size down to 20 nm and below are conceivable in the energy range from 10 to 100 keV. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics

A compact X-ray microtomography system for element mapping and absorption imaging

We have designed and built a compact x-ray microtomography system to perform element mapping and absorption imaging by exploiting scanning fluorescence tomography and full-field transmission microtomography, respectively. It is based on a low power microfocus tube and is potentially appropriate for x-ray diagnostics in space. Full-field transmission tomography yields the three-dimensional inner structure of an object. Fluorescence microtomography provides the element distribution on a virtual section through the sample. Both techniques can be combined for appropriate samples. Microradiography as well as fluorescence mapping are also possible. For fluorescence microtomography a small and intensive microbeam is required. It is generated using a polycapillary optic. Operating the microfocus tube with a molybdenum target at 12 W, a microbeam with a full width at half maximum lateral extension of 16 microm and a flux of about 10(8) photonss is generated. As an example of application, this beam is used to determine the element distribution inside dried plant samples. For full-field scanning tomography, the x-ray optic is removed and the sample is imaged in magnifying projection onto a two-dimensional position sensitive detector. Depending on the sample size, a spatial resolution down to about 10 microm is possible in this mode. The method is demonstrated by three-dimensional imaging of a rat humerus

Finding the ideal place for a psychotherapeutic intervention in a stepped care approach – a brief overview of the literature and preliminary results from the Project PREDICT

AIMS: To provide an overview over empirical evidence regarding stepped care approaches that include psychotherapies. To present own preliminary study results in alcohol dependent patients. Methods: Publications were searched in the databases Medline, PsycINFO and the internet search engine Google Scholar. Inclusion criteria were psychosocial treatment and psychiatric disorders. Our own study consists of two steps. In step 1 patients receive anti‐craving medication or placebo and Medical Management (MM). After a relapse to heavy drinking patients can step up and after randomization they either continue with the same treatment or they receive additional alcoholism specific psychotherapy (ASP). Results: Evidence suggests that stepped care might be efficacious in patients with obsessive‐compulsive behavior and depression. There is no evidence for efficacy in problem drinkers. Results of our own study show that the completer rate in MM alone is higher than in ASP with MM, but there are no significant differences concerning age, sex and disease severity between completer and non‐completer in both study arms. Conclusions: Further research with regard to stepped care in alcohol dependent patients is needed. An introduction of the psychotherapy at earlier stages might be sensible

Subjektive Wirkfaktoren aus Patientensicht in der ambulanten Behandlung von Alkoholabhängigkeit

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