Plan of Farmers Club Acres, Blanchard Road and Bruce Hill Road, Cumberland, Maine, 1988

https://digitalmaine.com/cumberland_plans/1125/thumbnail.jp

Plan of Land of Peter Greenleaf, Mill Road, Cumberland, Maine, 1983

https://digitalmaine.com/cumberland_plans/1091/thumbnail.jp

Plan of Property for Randy Bowden, Pleasant Valley Road, Cumberland, Maine, 1984

https://digitalmaine.com/cumberland_plans/1097/thumbnail.jp

Standard Boundary Survey Plan of Land on Mill Road, Cumberland, Maine, 1986

Standard Boundary Survey Plan of Land on Mill Road, Cumberland, Maine was created by Daniel T. C. LaPoint in 1986.https://digitalmaine.com/cumberland_plans/1380/thumbnail.jp

Plan of Land on Mill Road, Cumberland, Maine, 1983

Plan of Land on Mill Road, Cumberland, Maine was created by Daniel T. C. LaPoint in 1983.https://digitalmaine.com/cumberland_plans/1365/thumbnail.jp

Animals Crossing the Northway: Are Existing Culverts Useful?

The proposed construction of the Rooftop Highway between Interstates 81 and 87 in Northern New York has drawn opposition from those concerned about conserving an important north-south animal migration route. This highway could affect the ecological integrity of the Adirondack ecosystem and farther isolate the Park from other conservation areas such as Algonquin National Park. Proponents suggest that these effects could be mitigated by wildlife crossing points under the highway. To test the effectiveness of under-road passageways in the Adirondacks we monitored wild.Life use of culverts beneath Interstate 87 with motion triggered cameras and snow tracking between 14 March and 29 April, 2002. Our results suggest that the culvert/underpass system beneath I-87 does not facilitate wildlife movement beneath the interstate, but does sustain regular human use. Therefore, we are dubious about the potential mitigating effects that standard wildlife passageways would have under the proposed \u27\u27Rooftop Highway were they to follow a design similar to those under I-87, and suggest that these would have to be significantly improved, at substantial cost, in order to promote animal movement

Genes Involved in the Evolution of Herbivory by a Leaf-Mining, Drosophilid Fly

Herbivorous insects are among the most successful radiations of life. However, we know little about the processes underpinning the evolution of herbivory. We examined the evolution of herbivory in the fly, Scaptomyza flava, whose larvae are leaf miners on species of Brassicaceae, including the widely studied reference plant, Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis). Scaptomyza flava is phylogenetically nested within the paraphyletic genus Drosophila, and the whole genome sequences available for 12 species of Drosophila facilitated phylogenetic analysis and assembly of a transcriptome for S. flava. A time-calibrated phylogeny indicated that leaf mining in Scaptomyza evolved between 6 and 16 million years ago. Feeding assays showed that biosynthesis of glucosinolates, the major class of antiherbivore chemical defense compounds in mustard leaves, was upregulated by S. flava larval feeding. The presence of glucosinolates in wild-type (WT) Arabidopsis plants reduced S. flava larval weight gain and increased egg–adult development time relative to flies reared in glucosinolate knockout (GKO) plants. An analysis of gene expression differences in 5-day-old larvae reared on WT versus GKO plants showed a total of 341 transcripts that were differentially regulated by glucosinolate uptake in larval S. flava. Of these, approximately a third corresponded to homologs of Drosophila melanogaster genes associated with starvation, dietary toxin-, heat-, oxidation-, and aging-related stress. The upregulated transcripts exhibited elevated rates of protein evolution compared with unregulated transcripts. The remaining differentially regulated transcripts also contained a higher proportion of novel genes than the unregulated transcripts. Thus, the transition to herbivory in Scaptomyza appears to be coupled with the evolution of novel genes and the co-option of conserved stress-related genes.Organismic and Evolutionary Biolog

Effects of body size on estimation of mammalian area requirements.

Accurately quantifying species' area requirements is a prerequisite for effective area-based conservation. This typically involves collecting tracking data on species of interest and then conducting home range analyses. Problematically, autocorrelation in tracking data can result in space needs being severely underestimated. Based on the previous work, we hypothesized the magnitude of underestimation varies with body mass, a relationship that could have serious conservation implications. To evaluate this hypothesis for terrestrial mammals, we estimated home-range areas with global positioning system (GPS) locations from 757 individuals across 61 globally distributed mammalian species with body masses ranging from 0.4 to 4000 kg. We then applied blockcross validation to quantify bias in empirical home range estimates. Area requirements of mammals 1, meaning the scaling of the relationship changedsubstantially at the upper end of the mass spectrum

SNAPSHOT USA 2019: a coordinated national camera trap survey of the United States

With the accelerating pace of global change, it is imperative that we obtain rapid inventories of the status and distribution of wildlife for ecological inferences and conservation planning. To address this challenge, we launched the SNAPSHOT USA project, a collaborative survey of terrestrial wildlife populations using camera traps across the United States. For our first annual survey, we compiled data across all 50 states during a 14-week period (17 August-24 November of 2019). We sampled wildlife at 1,509 camera trap sites from 110 camera trap arrays covering 12 different ecoregions across four development zones. This effort resulted in 166,036 unique detections of 83 species of mammals and 17 species of birds. All images were processed through the Smithsonian's eMammal camera trap data repository and included an expert review phase to ensure taxonomic accuracy of data, resulting in each picture being reviewed at least twice. The results represent a timely and standardized camera trap survey of the United States. All of the 2019 survey data are made available herein. We are currently repeating surveys in fall 2020, opening up the opportunity to other institutions and cooperators to expand coverage of all the urban-wild gradients and ecophysiographic regions of the country. Future data will be available as the database is updated at eMammal.si.edu/snapshot-usa, as will future data paper submissions. These data will be useful for local and macroecological research including the examination of community assembly, effects of environmental and anthropogenic landscape variables, effects of fragmentation and extinction debt dynamics, as well as species-specific population dynamics and conservation action plans. There are no copyright restrictions; please cite this paper when using the data for publication