Interannual variability in soil nitric oxide emissions over the United States as viewed from space

We examine the interannual variability in the NO<sub>2</sub> column over North America measured by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) in 2005–2008. By comparison to a model of soil NO<sub>x</sub> emissions driven by the North American Regional Reanalysis precipitation and 0–10 cm soil temperature fields, we show the source of this observed interannual variability over much of the central United States in June is fertilizer application. We find that dry,warm conditions followed by convective precipitation induces pulsed emissions of NO<sub>x</sub> over the agricultural Great Plains. In June~2006 we infer a 50% increase in soil NO<sub>x</sub> emission and a 30% increase in the tropospheric NO<sub>2</sub> column relative to the June 2005–2008 mean. In a case-study of fertilized corn and soybean fields over SE South Dakota, we find an associated rain-induced pulsing event reaching 4.6×10<sup>15</sup> molec cm<sup>−2</sup>, equivalent to a surface concentration of ~2 ppbv. We calculate that soil NO<sub>x</sub> emissions resulted in a mean daily maximum 8-h ozone enhancement over the agricultural Great Plains of 5 ppbv in June~2006 (with predicted events reaching 16 ppbv) compared with a mean enhancement of 3 ppbv for soil NO<sub>x</sub> in the years 2005–2008

Alteração de propriedades energéticas de briquetes de biomassa florestal em função do material e umidade.

EVINCI. Resumo

Radiation Tolerance of CMOS Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors with Self-Biased Pixels

CMOS Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (MAPS) are proposed as a technology for various vertex detectors in nuclear and particle physics. We discuss the mechanisms of ionizing radiation damage on MAPS hosting the the dead time free, so-called self bias pixel. Moreover, we discuss radiation hardened sensor designs which allow operating detectors after exposing them to irradiation doses above 1 Mra

Influência da pressão na densidade e no teor de umidade de briquetes de diferentes resíduos de biomassa florestal.

Resumo