The prevalence of chronic diseases and major disease risk factors at different ages among 150 000 men and women living in Mexico City: cross-sectional analyses of a prospective study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>While most of the global burden from chronic diseases, and especially vascular diseases, is now borne by low and middle-income countries, few large-scale epidemiological studies of chronic diseases in such countries have been performed.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>From 1998–2004, 52 584 men and 106 962 women aged ≥35 years were visited in their homes in Mexico City. Self reported diagnoses of chronic diseases and major disease risk factors were ascertained and physical measurements taken. Age- and sex-specific prevalences and means were analysed.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>After about age 50 years, diabetes was extremely common – for example, 23.8% of men and 26.9% of women aged 65–74 reported a diagnosis. By comparison, ischaemic heart disease was reported by 4.8% of men and 3.0% of women aged 65–74, a history of stroke by 2.8% and 2.3%, respectively, and a history of cancer by 1.3% and 2.1%. Cancer history was generally more common among women than men – the excess being largest in middle-age, due to breast and cervical cancer. At older ages, the gap narrowed because of an increasing prevalence of prostate cancer. 51% of men and 25% of women aged 35–54 smoked cigarettes, while 29% of men and 41% of women aged 35–54 were obese (i.e. BMI ≥30 kg/m²). The prevalence of treated hypertension or measured blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg increased about 50% more steeply with age among women than men, to 66% of women and 58% of men aged 65–74. Physical inactivity was highly prevalent but daily alcohol drinking was relatively uncommon.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Diabetes, obesity and tobacco smoking are highly prevalent among adults living in Mexico City. Long-term follow-up of this and other cohorts will establish the relevance of such factors to the major causes of death and disability in Mexico.</p

Prevalence of smoking and incidence of initiation in the Latin American adult population: the PLATINO study

Background: the PLATINO project was launched in 2002 in order to study the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Latin America. Because smoking is the main risk factor for COPD, detailed data on it were obtained. the aim of this paper was to evaluate the prevalence of smoking and incidence of initiation among middle-aged and older adults (40 years or older). Special emphasis was given to the association between smoking and schooling.Methods: PLATINO is a multicenter study comprising five cross-sectional population-based surveys of approximately 1,000 individuals per site in São Paulo (Brazil), Santiago (Chile), Mexico City (Mexico), Montevideo (Uruguay) and Caracas (Venezuela). the outcome variable was smoking status (never, former or current). Current smokers were those who reported to smoke within the previous 30 days. Former smokers were those who reported to quit smoking more than 30 days before the survey. Using information on year of birth and age of smoking onset and quitting, a retrospective cohort analysis was carried out. Smoking prevalence at each period was defined as the number of subjects who started to smoke during the period plus those who were already smokers at the beginning of the period, divided by the total number of subjects. Incidence of smoking initiation was calculated as the number of subjects who started to smoke during the period divided by the number of non-smokers at its beginning. the independent variables included were sex, age and schooling.Results: Non-response rates ranged from 11.1% to 26.8%. the prevalence of smoking ranged from 23.9% (95% CI 21.3; 26.6) in São Paulo to 38.5% (95% CI 35.7; 41.2) in Santiago. Males and middle-aged adults were more likely to smoke in all sites. After adjustment for age, schooling was not associated with smoking. Using retrospective cohort analysis, it was possible to detect that the highest prevalence of smoking is found between 20-29 years, while the highest incidence is found between 10-19 years. Age of smoking onset tended to decline over time among females.Conclusion: the prevalence of smoking varied considerably across sites, but was lower among countries with national anti-smoking campaigns.Univ Fed Pelotas, Pelotas, BrazilUniv Republica, Montevideo, UruguayInst Nacl Enfermedades Resp, Mexico City, DF, MexicoUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilPontificia Univ Catolica Chile, Santiago, ChileCent Univ Venezuela, Caracas, VenezuelaUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Evaluation of two Broccoli Hybrids (Brassica oleracea var. italica). Lerma valley, Salta, Argentina.

El brócoli es una hortaliza cuya producción y consumo deberían incentivarse por sus propiedades funcionales científicamente comprobadas. Su riqueza en fibra, Ca y compuestos azufrados previenen el cáncer de colon, la artritis, la osteoporosis, etc. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar el comportamiento vegetativo y reproductivo de los híbridos Formoso y Legacy sembrados el 10 de junio de 2014 en bandejas y trasplantados el 29 de julio en un diseño completamente aleatorizado con seis repeticiones. Las pellas fueron cosechadas desde el 7 de octubre al 13 de noviembre. La altura promedio a trasplante de Formoso fue significativamente mayor que la de Legacy (p=0,01). La cantidad de días a formación de pella y su altura de inserción fueron significativamente mayores en Legacy (p<0,0001). Formoso presentó una cantidad mayor de floretes por pella (p<0,0001) con diámetro y peso al momento de la cosecha superiores que Legacy (p<0,0001). No se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la altura de la planta a los 30 días de la siembra (p=0,28) ni en el rendimiento de ambos híbridos (p=0,09). Sin embargo, recomendamos a Formoso por su precocidad, mejor conformación de la cabeza y una tendencia a tener un mayor rendimiento, ajustando la época de siembra a los efectos de atemperar los efectos de las altas temperaturasBroccoli is a vegetable whose production and consumption should be encouraged for its scientifically proven functional properties. It is rich in fiber, calcium and sulfur compounds which prevent colon cancer, arthritis and osteoporosis. The objective of this work was to evaluate the vegetative and reproductive behavior of Formoso and Legacy hybrids planted on June 10 2014 in trays and transplanted on July 29 in a completely randomized design with six replications. The heads were harvested from October 7 to November 13. The average height at transplant of Formoso was significantly higher than Legacy (p=0.01). The number of days for formation of pella and its insertion height were significantly higher in Legacy (p<0.0001). Formoso presented a larger number of florets by pella (p<0.0001) with diameter and weight at the harvest time higher than Legacy (p<0.0001). No statistically significant differences were observed in the height of the plant at 42 days of sowing (p=0.28) nor in the yield of both hybrids (p=0.09). However, Formoso is recommended for its precocity, better conformation of the head and a tendency to have higher performance, by adjusting the planting season for the purpose of mitigating the effects of high temperatures.Fil: Lozano, Lelia. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Tálamo, Andrés. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales. Museo de Ciencias Naturales. Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA; ArgentinaFil: Artinián, Ana Laura. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Fernández, J. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Arroyo, C. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales; Argentin

Cambios en la tolerancia al ejercicio, calidad de vida relacionada con la salud y características de los músculos periféricos después de 6 semanas de entrenamiento en pacientes con EPOC

Objetivo: Este estudio se diseñó para evaluar los cambios en las características de los músculos esqueléticos después de 6 semanas de entrenamiento físico de alta intensidad, en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) moderada-grave, y para determinar cómo se relacionan con la mejoría de la tolerancia al esfuerzo y la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS). Pacientes y métodos: Se estudió a 10 pacientes (edad media ± desviación estándar: 60 ± 10 años) con un volumen espiratorio forzado en el primer segundo del 32 ± 9%. Se analizaron el efecto del entrenamiento sobre la marcha de 6 min (M6M), cuestionarios de CVRS y músculos esqueléticos en los 8 pacientes que completaron el programa. Se estudiaron las características histoquímicas y morfológicas de los músculos esqueléticos antes y después del entrenamiento en biopsias del vastus lateralis. Resultados: La intervención de estos pacientes modificó significativamente la M6M (p < 0,01), la CVRS (p < 0,05) y la actividad de la citrato sintetasa (p < 0,05). El cambio en la distancia recorrida durante la M6M se relacionó significativamente con el cambio en el área promedio de las fibras (r = 0,81). Conclusiones: Los resultados de este trabajo indican que la intervención con 6 semanas de entrenamiento físico de alta intensidad en pacientes con EPOC induce cambios modestos en los músculos esqueléticos, que podrían explicar en parte los beneficios observados en la tolerancia al esfuerzo tras la rehabilitación respiratoria