Stochastic Models for Solar Power

International audienceIn this work we develop a stochastic model for the solar power at the surface of the earth. We combine a deterministic model of the clear sky irradiance with a stochastic model for the so-called clear sky index to obtain a stochastic model for the actual irradiance hitting the surface of the earth. Our clear sky index model is a 4-state semi-Markov process where state durations and clear sky index values in each state have phase-type distributions. We use per-minute solar irradiance data to tune the model, hence we are able to capture small time scales fluctuations. We compare our model with the on-off power source model developed by Miozzo et al. (2014) for the power generated by photovoltaic panels, and to a modified version that we propose. In our on-off model the output current is frequently resampled instead of being a constant during the duration of the " on " state. Computing the autocorrelation functions for all proposed models, we find that the irradiance model surpasses the on-off models and it is able to capture the multiscale correlations that are inherently present in the solar irradiance. The power spectrum density of generated trajectories matches closely that of measurements. We believe our irradiance model can be used not only in the mathematical analysis of energy harvesting systems but also in their simulation

Climatic predictors of species distributions neglect biophysiologically meaningful variables

This is the final version. Available on open access from Wiley via the DOI in this record.Aim: Species distribution models (SDMs) have played a pivotal role in predicting how species might respond to climate change. To generate reliable and realistic predictions from these models requires the use of climate variables that adequately capture physiological responses of species to climate and therefore provide a proximal link between climate and their distributions. Here, we examine whether the climate variables used in plant SDMs are different from those known to influence directly plant physiology. Location: Global. Methods: We carry out an extensive, systematic review of the climate variables used to model the distributions of plant species and provide comparison to the climate variables identified as important in the plant physiology literature. We calculate the top ten SDM and physiology variables at 2.5 degree spatial resolution for the globe and use principal component analyses and multiple regression to assess similarity between the climatic variation described by both variable sets. Results: We find that the most commonly used SDM variables do not reflect the most important physiological variables and differ in two main ways: (i) SDM variables rely on seasonal or annual rainfall as simple proxies of water available to plants and neglect more direct measures such as soil water content; and (ii) SDM variables are typically averaged across seasons or years and overlook the importance of climatic events within the critical growth period of plants. We identify notable differences in their spatial gradients globally and show where distal variables may be less reliable proxies for the variables to which species are known to respond. Main conclusions: There is a growing need for the development of accessible, fine-resolution global climate surfaces of physiological variables. This would provide a means to improve the reliability of future range predictions from SDMs and support efforts to conserve biodiversity in a changing climate

Predicting species dominance shifts across elevation gradients in mountain forests in Greece under a warmer and drier climate

The Mediterranean Basin is expected to face warmer and drier conditions in the future, following projected increases in temperature and declines in precipitation. The aim of this study is to explore how forests dominated by Abies borisii-regis, Abies cephalonica, Fagus sylvatica, Pinus nigra and Quercus frainetto will respond under such conditions. We combined an individual-based model (GREFOS), with a novel tree ring data set in order to constrain tree diameter growth and to account for inter- and intraspecific growth variability. We used wood density data to infer tree longevity, taking into account inter- and intraspecific variability. The model was applied at three 500-m-wide elevation gradients at Taygetos in Peloponnese, at Agrafa on Southern Pindos and at Valia Kalda on Northern Pindos in Greece. Simulations adequately represented species distribution and abundance across the elevation gradients under current climate. We subsequently used the model to estimate species and functional trait shifts under warmer and drier future conditions based on the IPCC A1B scenario. In all three sites, a retreat of less drought-tolerant species and an upward shift of more drought-tolerant species were simulated. These shifts were also associated with changes in two key functional traits, in particular maximum radial growth rate and wood density. Drought-tolerant species presented an increase in their average maximal growth and decrease in their average wood density, in contrast to less drought-tolerant species

Volumetric variations of glacier de Sarennes, French Alps, during the last two centuries

The Glacier de Sarennes is located in the heart of the French Alps and has been observed closely since 1906 and regularly measured since 1948 (snow accumulation, ablation and mass balance). Several publications have stemmed from this research, such as the 1906 glaciological map, the 1958 one and the 1981 and 1991 photogrammetric analysis. In 1992, a field radar campaign determined the ice thickness and allowed the construction of the bedrock map with reasonable accuracy. The "little ice age" stage was reconstructed with the bed-rock tracks, in 1995. Above-mentioned documents were digitized and the computer programm Arc-Info permitted the calculation of the successive volume stages occupied by the glacier between 1850 and 1991. Cross sections and slope profiles illustrate the evolution of the thickness of the Glacier de Sarennes during the last hundred and fifty years. All of these results, consistent with the variation of the mass balance observed or restitued, show the main conclusion : compared with today's stage, the glacier was about 4 times more voluminous (loss of 3/4 of its ice volume) ninety years ago and 5 times bigger one and a half century ago in circa 1850. / Cet article présente le Glacier de Sarennes (France) dont le bilan de masse est mesuré depuis 1948. Chaque été, les paramètres glaciologiques caractéristiques sont mesurés à cinq stations représentatives du glacier, permettant de suivre l'accumulation hivernale, l'ablation estivale, le bilan de masse et le régime. L'ensemble de ces résultats est annuellement comparé avec ceux des années antérieures et avec les données météorologiques de la station de Grenoble. Grâce aux traces laissées par le glacier au siècle dernier, à la cartographie du Bedrock, aux cartes glaciologiques de 1906, 1958, 1981 et 1991 ainsi qu'aux diverses restitutions photogrammétriques, il a été possible de reconstituer en trois dimensions les phases du glacier

Etude diagnostic ecologique et paysagere : commune d'Hermillon, Savoie

SIGLEAvailable from INIST (FR), Document Supply Service, under shelf-number : GR 1655 / INIST-CNRS - Institut de l'Information Scientifique et TechniqueFRFranc