2,479 research outputs found
Translating the complexities of flood risk science using KEEPER - a knowledge exchange exploratory tool for professionals in emergency response
Within flood risk management (FRM) decision making, there is a growing interest in participatory approaches to engage and integrate stakeholder expertise. Decision support tools are becoming common features in the FRM βtoolkitβ, yet there is a limited application of participatory methodologies in the construction of such tools. This paper reports on completed FRMRC research (Flood Risk Management Research Consortium, UK http://www.floodrisk.org.uk/) and the construction of a geographic information system-based flood risk assessment tool, KEEPER β a Knowledge Exchange Exploratory tool for Professionals in Emergency Response. An iterative methodology was used to engage emergency professionals throughout the research process, allowing a mixing of scientific and professional expertise in the co-production of KEEPER. KEEPER was both instrumental in facilitating participation and knowledge exchange, and informing recommendations for future tools in practice. This paper argues that participation is both essential for supporting pragmatic flood research and as a means of enhancing communication across traditionally divided communities
Assessing the legitimacy of flood risk governance arrangements in Europe: insights from intra-country evaluations
Legitimacy has received comparatively less attention than societal resilience in the context of flooding, thus methods for assessing and monitoring the legitimacy of Flood Risk Governance Arrangements (FRGA) are noticeably lacking. This study attempts to address this gap by assessing the legitimacy of FRGAs in six European countries through cross-disciplinary and comparative research methods. On the basis of this assessment, recommendation
Paraphrases and summaries: A means of clarification or a vehicle for articulating a preferred version of student accounts?
The use of group discussions as a means to facilitate learning from experiences is well documented in adventure education literature. Priest and Naismith (1993) assert that the use of the circular discussion method, where the leader poses questions to the participants, is the most common form of facilitation in adventure education. This paper draws on transcripts of facilitation sessions to argue that the widely advocated practice of leader summaries or paraphrases of student responses in these sessions functions as a potential mechanism to control and sponsor particular knowledge(s). Using transcripts from recorded facilitation sessions the analysis focuses on how the leader paraphrases the studentsβ responses and how these paraphrases or βformulationsβ function to modify or exclude particular aspects of the studentsβ responses. I assert that paraphrasing is not simply a neutral activity that merely functions to clarify a student response, it is a subtle means by which the leader of the session can, often inadvertently or unknowingly, alter the studentβs reply with the consequence of favouring particular knowledge(s). Revealing the subtle work that leader paraphrases perform is of importance for educators who claim to provide genuine opportunities for students to learn from their experience
The rationales of resilience in English and Dutch flood risk policies
We compared the governance of flood risk in England and the Netherlands, focusing on the general policies, instruments used and underlying principles. Both physical and political environments are important in explaining how countries evolved towards very different rationales of resilience. Answering questions as βwho decidesβ, βwho should actβ and βwho is responsible and liable for flood damageβ systematically, results in a quite fundamental difference in what resilience means, and how this affects the governance regime. In the Netherlands, there is nationwide collective regime with a technocracy based on the merit of water expertise, legitimated by a social contract of government being responsible and the general public accepting and supporting this. In England there also is a technocracy, but this is part of a general-political and economic-rational decision-making process, with responsibilities spread over state, insurance companies, individuals and communities. The rationales are connected to specific conceptions of the public interest, leading to specific governance principles. In both countries, flood risk strategies are discussed in the light of climate change effects, but resilience strategies show more persistence, although combined with gradual adaptation of practices on lower scales, than great transformations
Π‘ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π· ΠΈ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ Ξ²-ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ³Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ»ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»- ΠΈ Ξ²-2-ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ³Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π³Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΌΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΈΠ»Π΄ΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π°
ΠΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π· Ξ²-ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ³Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ»ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»- ΠΈ Ξ²-2-ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ³Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π³Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΌΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΈΠ»Π΄ΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π°. ΠΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Ξ²-ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ³Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ»Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»Π³Π»ΡΠΊΠΎΠ·Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ΄Ρ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Ξ²-ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ³Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ»ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»- ΠΈ Ξ²-(2-ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ³Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ»)-ΠΠΠ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π»Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠΉ Staphylococcus aureus.ΠΠ΄ΡΠΉΡΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π· Ξ²-ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ³Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ»ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»- Ρ Ξ²-2-ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ³Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ»Π΅ΡΠΈΠ» Π³Π»ΡΠΊΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠ΄Ρ Π² ΠΌΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΠ»Π΄ΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Ρ. ΠΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΄Π½Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ (Ξ²-ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ³Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ»Π°Π»ΠΊΡΠ»Π³Π»ΡΠΊΠΎΠ·Π°ΠΌΡΠ½ΡΠ΄ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½Ρ Π·Π° ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ. ΠΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΠΎ Ξ²-ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ³Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ»ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»- Ρ Ξ²-(2-ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ³Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ»Π΅ΡΠΈΠ»)-ΠΠΠ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΡ Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΌ Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π·ΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π»Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΡ Staphylococcus aureus.The synthesis of Ξ²-cyclohexylmethyl- and Ξ²-2-cyclohexylethylglycosides of muramyldipeptide has been carried out. The starting peracetates of Ξ²-cyclohexylalkylglucosaminides have been obtained by the oxazoline method. It been found that Ξ²-cyclohexylmethyl- and Ξ²-(2-cyclohexylethyl)-MDP have a high anti-infection protective effect against the lethal dose of Staphylococcus aureus in mice
Dealing with flood damages: will prevention, mitigation and ex-post compensation provide for a resilient triangle?
There is a wealth of literature on the design of ex-post compensation mechanisms for natural disasters. However, more research needs to be done on the manner in which these mechanisms could steer citizens toward adopting individual level preventive and protection measures in the face of flood risks. This paper provides a comparative legal analysis of the financial compensation mechanisms following floods, be it through insurance, public funds or a combination of both, with an empirical focus on Belgium, the Netherlands, England and France. Similarities and differences between the methods in which these compensation mechanisms for flood damages enhance resilience are analyzed. The comparative analysis especially focuses on the link between the recovery strategy on the one hand and prevention and mitigation strategies on the other. There is great potential within the recovery strategy for promoting preventive action, for example in terms of discouraging citizens from living in high-risk areas, or encouraging the uptake of mitigation measures, such as adaptive building. However, this large potential is yet to be realized, in part due to insufficient consideration and promotion of these connections within existing legal frameworks. Recommendations are made about how the linkages between strategies can be further improved. These recommendations relate to, amongst others, the promotion of resilient reinstatement through recovery mechanisms and the removal of legal barriers preventing the establishment of link-inducing measures
Analysing and evaluating flood risk governance in England β enhancing societal resilience through comprehensive and aligned flood risk governance arrangements
Locating current sheets in the solar corona
Current sheets are essential for energy dissipation in the solar corona, in
particular by enabling magnetic reconnection. Unfortunately, sufficiently thin
current sheets cannot be resolved observationally and the theory of their
formation is an unresolved issue as well. We consider two predictors of coronal
current concentrations, both based on geometrical or even topological
properties of a force free coronal magnetic field. First, there are
separatrices related to magnetic nulls. Through separatrices the magnetic
connectivity changes discontinuously. Coronal magnetic nulls are, however, very
rare. At second, inspired by the concept of generalized magnetic reconnection
without nulls, quasi-separatrix layers (QSL) were suggested. Through QSL the
magnetic connectivity changes continuously, though strongly. The strength of
the connectivity change can be quantified by measuring the squashing of the
flux tubes which connect the magnetically conjugated photospheres.
We verify the QSL and separatrix concepts by comparing the sites of magnetic
nulls and enhanced squashing with the location of current concentrations in the
corona. Due to the known difficulties of their direct observation we simulated
the coronal current sheets by numerically calculating the response of the
corona to energy input from the photosphere heating a simultaneously observed
EUV Bright Point. We did not find coronal current sheets not at the
separatrices but at several QSL locations. The reason is that although the
geometrical properties of force free extrapolated magnetic fields can indeed,
hint at possible current concentrations, a necessary condition for current
sheet formation is the local energy input into the corona
Lateral phase separation in mixtures of lipids and cholesterol
In an effort to understand "rafts" in biological membranes, we propose phenomenological models for saturated and unsaturated lipid mixtures, and lipid-cholesterol mixtures. We consider simple couplings between the local composition and internal membrane structure, and their influence on transitions between liquid and gel membrane phases. Assuming that the gel transition temperature of the saturated lipid is shifted by the presence of the unsaturated lipid, and that cholesterol acts as an external field on the chain melting transition, a variety of phase diagrams are obtained. The phase diagrams for binary mixtures of saturated/unsaturated lipids and lipid/cholesterol are in semi-quantitative agreement with the experiments. Our results also apply to regions in the ternary phase diagram of lipid/lipid/cholesterol systems
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