Enseñanza de Inteligencia Artificial e Ingeniería del Conocimiento

nivel mundial en la unificación de los contenidos que se imparten en el primer curso que un estudiante de Informática recibe en Inteligencia Artificial e Ingeniería del Conocimiento (INCO). El alcance y la diversidad de problemas a los que estas materias están dirigidas incrementa aun más la necesidad de crear un programa coherente e integrado en sí mismo, y con el Plan de Estudios de la Institución en la que se imparte. Evidentemente, la unión de todos los temas tratados en los libros de Inteligencia Artificial e Ingeniería del Conocimiento, "comúnmente aceptado", sería demasiado extenso, mientras que la intersección de todos ellos no suele incluir todo aquello que es considerado importante

Caracterización de la fenología de Fagus sylvatica L. en poblaciones mediterráneas del Sistema Central español mediante datos Landsat OLI/ETM+ y Sentinel-2A/B

[EN] The Spanish Central Range hosts some of the southernmost populations of Fagus sylvatica L. (European beech). Recent cartography indicates that these populations are expanding, going up-streams and gaining ground to oak forests of Quercus pyrenaica Willd., heather-lands, and pine plantations. Understanding the spectral phenology of European beech populations—which leaf flush occurs earlier than other vegetation formations—in this Mediterranean mountain range will provide insights of the species recent dynamics, and will enable modelling its performance under future climate oscillations. Intra-annual series of 211 Landsat OLI/ETM+ images, acquired between April 2013-December 2019, and 217 Sentinel-2A/B images, acquired between April 2017-December 2019, were employed to characterize the spectral phenology of European beech populations and five other vegetation types for comparison in an area of 108000 ha. Vegetation indices (VI) including the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Tasseled Cap Angle (TCA) from Landsat, and the NDVI and Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) from Sentinel-2 were retrieved from sample pixels. The temporal series of these VI were modelled with Savitzky-Golay and double logistic functions, and assessed with TIMESAT software, enabling the parametric characterization of European beech spectral phenology in the area with the start, length, and end of season, as well as peak time and value. The length of beech phenological season was similar when portrayed by Landsat and Sentinel-2 NDVI time series (214 and 211 days on average for the common period 2017-2019) although start and end differed. Compared with NDVI counterparts the TCA season started and peaked later, and the EVI season was shorter. Sentinel-2 NDVI peaked higher than Landsat NDVI. The European beech had an earlier (21 days on average) start of season than competing oak forests. Joint analysis of data from the virtual constellation Landsat/ Sentinel-2 and calibration with field observations may enable more detailed knowledge of phenological traits at the landscape scale.[ES] Algunas de las poblaciones más meridionales de Fagus sylvatica L. (haya) se encuentran en el Sistema Central español. La cartografía reciente de estas poblaciones indica que están expandiéndose a lo largo de arroyos y ganando terreno a robledales de Quercus pyrenaica Willd., brezales, y pinares. Conocer la fenología espectral de estos hayedos mediterráneos de montaña, cuya apertura de hojas se adelanta a la de otras formaciones vegetales permitiría inferir su dinámica reciente y modelizar su comportamiento frente a futuras oscilaciones climáticas. Se utilizaron 211 imágenes Landsat OLI/ETM+ adquiridas entre abril 2013-diciembre 2019 y 217 imágenes Sentinel-2A/B adquiridas entre abril 2017-diciembre 2019 para caracterizar la fenología espectral de hayedos y otras cinco formaciones vegetales en 108000 ha. Se calcularon y analizaron índices de vegetación: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) y Tasseled Cap Angle (TCA) con datos Landsat, NDVI y Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) con Sentinel-2. Se extrajeron las series temporales de estos índices en píxeles muestra para analizar mediante software TIMESAT, ajustando modelos Savitzky-Golay y función logística, y describiendo paramétricamente la fenología espectral: inicio, fin, y duración de temporada, así como momento y valor máximo del índice. Las series NDVI de Landsat y Sentinel-2 representaron una duración similar de la temporada fenológica (214 y 211 días para el periodo común de análisis, 2017-2019), aunque inicio y fin no coincidieron. Comparando con las curvas NDVI homólogas, la temporada TCA comenzó y alcanzó el pico máximo antes, y la temporada EVI fue más corta. Los valores máximos de NDVI en las series Sentinel-2 fueron más altos que los de Landsat. Los hayedos comenzaron la temporada fenológica de media 21 días antes que los robledales. El análisis conjunto de datos de la constelación virtual Landsat/Sentinel-2 y la calibración con observaciones de campo permitirá conocer mejor la fenología a escala de paisaje.This work was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and University through projects: AGL2013-46028-R “Forest manage-ment facing the change in forest ecosystems dynamics: a multiscale approach (SCALyFOR)” and AGL201676769-C2-1-R “Influence of nat-ural disturbance regimes and management on forests dynamics, structure and carbon balance (FORESTCHANGE)”. Field work assistance by Diego Galán, Belén Oñate, and Gregorio Cerezo, and the support of José Juárez Benítez, director of the Sierra Norte de Guadalajara Natural Park are much appreciated.Gómez, C.; Alejandro, P.; Montes, F. (2020). Phenological characterization of Fagus sylvatica L. in Mediterranean populations of the Spanish Central Range with Landsat OLI/ETM+ and Sentinel-2A/B. Revista de Teledetección. 0(55):71-80. https://doi.org/10.4995/raet.2020.13561OJS7180055Augspurger, C.K. 2013. Reconstructing patterns of temperature, phenology, and frost damage over 124 years: Spring damage risk is increasing. Ecology 94, 41-50. https://doi.org/10.1890/12-0200.1Bolton, D.K., Gray, J.M, Melaas, E.K., Moon, M., Eklundh, L., Friedl, M.A. 2020. Continental-scale land surface phenology from harmonized Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2 imagery, Remote Sensing of Environment, 240, 111685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.111685Bucha T, Koren, M. 2017. 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Detecting interannual variation in deciduous broadleaf forest phenology using Landsat TM/ETM+ data. Remote Sensing of Environment, 132, 176-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2013.01.011Melaas, E.K., Sulla-Menashe, D., Gray, J.M., Black, T.A., Morin, T.H., Andrew, D.R., Friedl, M.A. 2016. Multisite analysis of land surface phenology in North American temperate and boreal deciduous forests from Landsat. Remote Sensing of Environment, 186, 452-464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.09.014Powell, S.L., Cohen, W.B., Healey, S.P., Kennedy, R.E., Moisen, G.G., Pierce, K.B., Ohmann, J.L. 2010. Quantification of live aboveground biomass dynamics with Landsat time-series and field inventory data: a comparison of empirical modeling approaches. Remote Sensing of Environment, 114, 1053-1068. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2009.12.018Rubio-Cuadrado, A., Camarero, J.J., Del Río, M., Sánchez-González, M., Ruiz-Peinado, R., Bravo- Oviedo, A., Gil, L., Montes, F. 2018. 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An Expert Systems for Homeopatic Glaucoma Treatment (SEHO)

In this article, an Expert System for Homeopathic Glaucoma Treatment (SEHO) is presented, the task of which is to assist ophthalmologists in selecting the most appropriate therapy for a patient diagnosed as having glaucoma. It is based on techniques proper to homeopathic medicine, a trend that is gaining more and more supporters all over the world, but in which real experts are few and far between. After a brief overview of the state of the art, the authors describe in detail on the development of the system, for which the IDEAL methodology, designed for knowledge-based system development, was used

Experimentos demostrativos para la construcción de conceptos en torno a las ondas sonoras

This work stems from a research process in the classroom and covers the design, development and implementation of a classroom strategy based on demonstration experiments, for the construction of concepts about sound waves. Classroom strategy that relies on constructivist teaching led by Novak, Gowin and David Ausubel, the focus is the significant learning proposal by Ausubel. Demonstrative experiments and the working module are used as a potentially significant material for the construction of knowledge. Perhaps the teacher guides the student to bilding his learning through inserted questions. The implementation of the work realizes in the ninth grade of the school Nuestra Señorade la Salette, and finally analyzes the impact that has a classroom strategy in the learningof the students around the sounds waves.El presente trabajo surge de un proceso de investigación en el aula y abarca el diseño, elaboración e implementación de una estrategia de aula basada en el uso de experimentos demostrativos, para la construcción de conceptos en torno a las ondas sonoras.La estrategia de aula tiene como fundamento pedagógico el constructivismo liderado por Novak, David Ausubel y Gowin centrándose en la propuesta de aprendizaje significativo de Ausubel. Se utiliza el experimento demostrativo y un módulo de trabajo diseñado, como materiales potencialmente significativos para la construcción del conocimiento y se orienta al estudiante hacia una actitud de aprendizaje significativa a través de preguntas insertadas.Se realiza la implementación del trabajo en el aula del grado Noveno del colegio Nuestra Señora de la Salette, para finalmente analizar la incidencia que tiene la estrategia de aula en el aprendizaje de los estudiantes en torno a las ondas sonoras

Impact of successive spring frosts on leaf phenology and radial growth in three deciduous tree species with contrasting climate requirements in central Spain

Rear-edge tree populations forming the equatorward limit of distribution of temperate species are assumed to be more adapted to climate variability than central (core) populations. However, climate is expected to become more variable and the frequency of climate extremes is forecasted to increase. Climatic extreme events such as heat waves, dry spells and spring frosts could become more frequent, and negatively impact and jeopardize rear-edge stands. To evaluate these ideas, we analyzed the growth response of trees to successive spring frosts in a mixed forest, where two temperate deciduous species, Fagus sylvatica L. (European beech) and Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. (sessile oak), both at their southernmost edge, coexist with the Mediterranean Quercus pyrenaica Willd. (Pyrenean oak). Growth reductions in spring-frost years ranked across species as F. sylvatica > Q. petraea > Q. pyrenaica. Leaf flushing occurred earlier in F. sylvatica and later in Q. pyrenaica, suggesting that leaf phenology was a strong determinant of spring frost damage and stem growth reduction. The frost impact depended on prior climate conditions, since warmer days prior to frost occurrence predisposed to frost damage. Autumn Normalized Difference Vegetation Index data showed delayed leaf senescence in spring-frost years and subsequent years as compared with pre-frost years. In the studied forest, the negative impact of spring frosts on Q. petraea and especially on F. sylvatica growth, was considerably higher than the impacts due to drought. The succession of four spring frosts in the last two decades determined a trend of decreasing resistance of radial growth to frosts in F. sylvatica. The increased frequency of spring frosts might prevent the expansion and persistence of F. sylvatica in this rear-edge Mediterranean population

Unexpected solvent isotope effect on the triplet lifetime of methylene blue associated to cucurbit[7]uril

[EN] Methylene blue shows an isotope dependent triplet lifetime that is 50% longer in D2O compared with H2O as a result of electronic-to-vibrational relaxation. The effect is enhanced when the dye is bound to curcubit[7]uril due to a combination of restricted mobility and a unfavorable vibrational coupling.This work was supported by NSERC-Canada. M. G. B thanks the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation for a post-doctoral contract. E. A. Acknowledges Becas Chile and the University of Ottawa for postdoctoral fellowships. We also thank Michel Grenier for his help on the time resolved measurements.Alarcón, E.; González Béjar, M.; Montes Navajas, PM.; García Gómez, H.; Lissi, E.; Scaiano, JC. (2012). Unexpected solvent isotope effect on the triplet lifetime of methylene blue associated to cucurbit[7]uril. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences. 11(2):269-273. doi:10.1039/c1pp05227fS269273112N. J. Turro , V.Ramamurthy and J. 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Analysis of Kinetoplast DNA from Mexican Isolates of Leishmania (L.) mexicana

This study analyzed DNA minicircles of Mexican isolates of L. (Leishmania) mexicana to look for genetic differences between strains isolated from patients with diffuse cutaneous (DCL) and localized (LCL) leishmaniasis. The kDNA was analyzed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), restriction fragment polymorphism analysis of the PCR products (PCR-RFLP) and the PCR products were sequenced. In the PCR with primers specific for the subgenus Leishmania, the Mexican isolates gave higher amplification products than the other L. mexicana complex strains and with specific primers for the L. mexicana complex they were poorly amplified. In the PCR-RFLP analysis with the Eco RV, Hae III, and Mbo I endonucleases, the Mexican isolates displayed similar restriction patterns, but different from the patterns of the other members of the L. mexicana complex. In the phylogenetic tree constructed, the kDNA sequences of the Mexican clones formed two groups including sequences of LCD or LCL clones, apart from the other L. mexicana complex members. These results suggest that the kDNA minicircles of the Mexican isolates are more polymorphic than the kDNA of other members of the L. mexicana complex and have different recognition sites for the restriction enzymes used in this study

Comparación de metodologías para la purificación de proteínas de membrana externa de Brucella abortus.

Las proteínas de la membrana externa de la Brucella abortus, Cepa 19 y RB-51 se purificaron por dos métodos, el primero basado en la extracción secuencial por tratamientos sucesivos con detergentes y lisozima y el segundo, en la formación del saco de peptidoglican con sus proteínas asociadas, utilizando dodecil sulfato de so-dio (SOS) a 50°C y extracción directa de las proteínas de la membrana externa con 50 mM de MgCl2 en SDS-23 Mercaptoetanol a 37°. Se utilizó la sonicacion para lograr la ruptura bacterial y su efecto se comprobó por microscopia electrónica. Las proteínas obtenidas se caracterizaron por electroforesis en geles de poliacrilamida. El método de extracción por detergentes aniònicos débiles y dipolares y tratamiento con lisozima, comprobó ser superior en calidad, selectividad y concentración de las proteínas de interés. Los pesos moleculares obtenidos para las proteínas denominadas porinas van de 37 a 41 kilo Daltons (k0), asi mismo se detecta una proteína de bajo peso molecular (14kI3). Se detecto reacción especifica de las proteínas en sueros controles de bovinos con infección natural de B. abortus por to técnica de inmunotransferencia en papel de nitrocelulosa.Outer membrane proteins of Bruce/la abortus strain 19 and strain RB-51 were purified using two methods. One based on sequential detergent extraction plus iysosyme treatment and the other obtaining peptidoglican saculae associated proteins by sodium dodecil sulfate (SDS) treatment at 50°C, and external protein extraction with SDS-23 mercaptoetanol, 50 mM MgCl2 at 37°C. Sonication was used in order to disrupt the cells and its effect was monitored by electron microscopy. The proteins were characterized by polycrilamide gel electrophoresis. Detergent and lysozyme treatment demonstrated superiority over SDS extraction regarding selectivity, antigenicity and yield. The proteins obtained from strain RB-51 had less LPS contamination. The molecular weights of the porin proteins obtained ranged between 37 and 41 kD, and a 14 kD protein was also detected. Specific reaction of the purified proteins was detected by western-blotting with positive bovine control serums.Ganado de leche-Ganadería lech