3,474 research outputs found
Globular Clusters as Tracers of Stellar Bimodality in Elliptical Galaxies: The Case of NGC 1399
Globular cluster systems (GCS) frequently show a bi-modal distribution of the
cluster integrated colours. This work explores the arguments to support the
idea that the same feature is shared by the diffuse stellar population of the
galaxy they are associated with. In the particular case of NGC 1399 the results
show that the galaxy brightness profile and colour gradient as well as the
behaviour of the cumulative globular cluster specific frequency, are compatible
with the presence of two dominant stellar populations, associated with the so
called "blue" and "red" globular cluster families. These globular families are
characterized by different intrinsic specific frequencies (defined in terms of
each stellar population): Sn=3.3 +/- 0.3 in the case of the red globulars and
Sn=14.3 +/- 2.5 for the blue ones. We stress that this result is not
necessarily conflicting with recent works that point out a clear difference
between the metallicity distribution of (resolved) halo stars and globulars
when comparing their number statistics. The inferred specific frequencies imply
that, in terms of their associated stellar populations, the formation of the
blue globulars took place with an efficiency about 6 times higher than that
corresponding to their red counterparts. The similarity of the spatial
distribution of the blue globulars with that inferred for dark matter, as well
as with that of the X ray emiting hot gas associated with NGC 1399, is
emphasized. The impact of a relatively unconspicuous low metallicity
population, that shares the properties of the blue globulars, as a possible
source of chemical enrichment early in the formation history of the galaxy is
also briefly discussed.Comment: 15 pages; MNRAS (accepted; October 2004
Mapping the galaxy NGC 4486 (M87) through its Globular Cluster System
As shown in previous works, globular clusters can be used to trace the
overall structure of the diffuse stellar populations in early type galaxies if
the number of clusters per unit stellar mass depends on metallicity. In this
paper we further test this assumption in the galaxy NGC 4486 (M 87), by
combining several data sources. The results show that globular clusters allow
the mapping of the galaxy in terms of the surface brightness profile,
integrated colour gradient, chemical abundance, and mass to luminosity ratios
up to 1000 arcsec (or 80.4 kpc) from its centre (i.e. some 10 effective radii).
The analysis indicates the presence of a dominant high metallicity bulge
associated with the red globulars, whose ellipticity increases outwards, and of
a more flattened low metallicity halo connected with the blue globulars. The
chemical abundance gradient of the composite stellar population is remarkably
similar to that inferred from X ray observations of hot gas. The
mass-metallicity spectrum of the stellar population can, in principle, be
understood in terms of inhomogeneous enrichment models. In turn, the
distribution of the bluest GCs, and lowest metallicity halo stars, has an
intriguing similarity with that of dark matter, a feature shared with NGC 1399.
Also, in these two galaxies, the number of blue GCs per dark mass unit is
identical within the errors, \approx 1.0(\pm0.3) \times 10^{-9} . The total
stellar mass derived for NGC 4486 is 6.8(\pm1.1) \times 10^{11} M\odot with a
baryonic mass fraction fb = 0.08(\pm 0.01).Comment: 18 pages, 23 figure
The complex star cluster system of NGC 1316 (Fornax A)
This paper presents Gemini- high quality photometry for cluster
candidates in the field of NGC 1316 (Fornax A) as part of a study that also
includes GMOS spectroscopy. A preliminary discussion of the photometric data
indicates the presence of four stellar cluster populations with distinctive
features in terms of age, chemical abundance and spatial distribution. Two of
them seem to be the usually old (metal poor and metal rich) populations
typically found in elliptical galaxies. In turn, an intermediate-age (5 Gyr)
globular cluster population is the dominant component of the sample (as
reported by previous papers). We also find a younger cluster population with a
tentative age of 1 Gyr
LOCATION DETERMINANTS OF FDI: A LITERATURE REVIEW
The development of economic activity and the rise in foreign direct investment (FDI) in recent decades has prompted a great deal of research into the phenomenon of multinational companies. A vast amount of empirical literature on FDI catalogues a long list of determinants that try to explain direct investment by multinational companies in a particular location, but it is noticeable that the results are not always consensual. This article provides a review of the theoretical approaches to and empirical studies on FDI in an attempt to single out the most robust factors for explaining the geographic distribution of FDI flows worldwide. It also suggests paths for future research in this area.FDI, determinants of FDI, literature review
Doping dependence of magnetic excitations of 1D cuprates as probed by Resonant Inelastic x-ray Scattering
We study the dynamical, momentum dependent two- and four-spin response
functions in doped and undoped 1D cuprates, as probed by resonant inelastic
x-ray scattering, using an exact numerical diagonalization procedure. In the
undoped system the four-spin response vanishes at , whereas the
two-spin correlator is peaked around , with generally larger spectral
weight. Upon doping spectra tend to soften and broaden, with a transfer of
spectral weight towards higher energy. However, the total spectral weight and
average peak position of either response are only weakly affected by doping up
to a concentration of 1/8. Only the two-spin response at changes
strongly, with a large reduction of spectral weight and enhancement of
excitation energy. At other momenta the higher-energy, generic features of the
magnetic response are robust against doping. It signals the presence of strong
short-range antiferromagnetic correlations, even after doping mobile holes into
the system. We expect this to hold also in higher dimensions.Comment: 7 pages, 5 figure
Long-term field research in anthropology
Chronicling Cultures provides readers with detailed
case histories of ethnographic projects that are longterm
in duration, lasting decades in some cases and often
involving multiple collaborators and new generations of researchers.
The central theme of the text is that extended
time spent in the field leads to both qualitative and quantitative
transformations in research. Contributors to the volume
examine these transformations with respect to the data gathering
process, the theoretical outcomes of long-term research,
the impacts on host communities and the many
problems and benefits of spending extended time in the
field through multiple revisits and restudies. The volume
will be of especial interest to those interested in the history
of anthropology and to a lesser degree those interested in
field methods. Amongst the shortcomings of the volume are
its somewhat loose thematic organization, the overly descriptive nature of many of the contributions, the narrow
range of cases selected and the lack of diverse perspectives
Applications of DFT to the theory of twentieth-century harmony
Music theorists have only recently, following groundbreaking work by Quinn, recognized the potential for the DFT on pcsets, initially proposed by Lewin, to serve as the foundation of a theory of harmony for the twentieth century. This paper investigates pcset âarithmeticâ â subset structure, transpositional combination, and interval content â through the lens of the DFT. It discusses relationships between interval classes and DFT magnitudes, considers special properties of dyads, pcset products, and generated collections, and suggest methods of using the DFT in analysis, including interpreting DFT magnitudes, using phase spaces to understand subset structure, and interpreting the DFT of Lewinâs interval function. Webernâs op. 5/4 and Bartokâs String Quartet 4, iv, are discussed.Accepted manuscrip
Large-scale study of the NGC 1399 globular cluster system in Fornax
We present a Washington C and Kron-Cousins R photometric study of the
globular cluster system of NGC 1399, the central galaxy of the Fornax cluster.
A large areal coverage of 1 square degree around NGC 1399 is achieved with
three adjoining fields of the MOSAIC II Imager at the CTIO 4-m telescope.
Working on such a large field, we can perform the first indicative
determination of the total size of the NGC 1399 globular cluster system. The
estimated angular extent, measured from the NGC 1399 centre and up to a
limiting radius where the areal density of blue globular clusters falls to 30
per cent of the background level, is 45 +/- 5 arcmin, which corresponds to 220
- 275 kpc at the Fornax distance. The bimodal colour distribution of this
globular cluster system, as well as the different radial distribution of blue
and red clusters, up to these large distances from the parent galaxy, are
confirmed. The azimuthal globular cluster distribution exhibits asymmetries
that might be understood in terms of tidal stripping of globulars from NGC
1387, a nearby galaxy. The good agreement between the areal density profile of
blue clusters and a projected dark-matter NFW density profile is emphasized.Comment: 9 pages, 9 figures. Accepted for publication in A&
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