When are Women More Generous than Men?

Previous research on gender differences in behavior has led to seemingly contradictory findings about generosity. From data generated by 290 subject pairs, we find that women are more sensitive than men to the costs of generous actions when deciding whether or not to be generous. The factors that affect the level of generosity observed in our experiments are reciprocal motivation, the level of money payoffs, and the level of social distance in the experimental protocol. The relatively greater sensitivity of women to the costs of generous behavior can explain most of the apparent inconsistencies in previously-reported findings.

Assigning Intentions when Actions are Unobservable: the Impact of Trembling in the Trust Game

This paper reports laboratory experiments investigating behavior when players may make inferences about the intentions behind others' prior actions based on higher- or lower-accuracy information about those actions. We investigate a trust game with first mover trembling, a game in which nature determines whether the first mover's decision is implemented or reversed. The results indicate that second movers give first movers the benefit of the doubt. However, first movers do not anticipate this response. Ultimately, it appears that subjects are thinking on at least three levels when making decisions: they are concerned with their own material well being, the trustworthiness of their counterpart, and how their own actions will be perceived.

A case study using LARSYS for analysis of LANDSAT data

Techniques are described for analysis of LANDSAT multispectral using the LARSYS data processing system

The Elderly Incompetent: The Right to Die with Dignity

This Comment will address the right to withdraw nutrition and hydration from the growing number of elderly incompetent patients who are dying, but who retain some minimal level of consciousness. Part I will discuss the legal bases for the right to refuse medical treatment. It will note the state interests that are contrary to this right, and will review important judicial decisions which have addressed an incompetent individual\u27s right to have life-sustaining treatment withdrawn. Part II will discuss state legislatures\u27 responses to this delicate issue. Part III will focus specifically on the withdrawal of feeding tubes from elderly incompetent, but conscious, patients with severe and permanent mental and physical impairments and a limited life expectancy. Part III will recommend that courts, in determining whether such patients have a right to die, adopt a standard which characterizes artificial nutrition and hydration as a type of life-sustaining medical treatment which may be terminated. The standard adopted should be one which also gives determinative weight to the wishes of the patient or, alternatively, the patient\u27s best interests

The Elderly Incompetent: The Right to Die with Dignity

This Comment will address the right to withdraw nutrition and hydration from the growing number of elderly incompetent patients who are dying, but who retain some minimal level of consciousness. Part I will discuss the legal bases for the right to refuse medical treatment. It will note the state interests that are contrary to this right, and will review important judicial decisions which have addressed an incompetent individual\u27s right to have life-sustaining treatment withdrawn. Part II will discuss state legislatures\u27 responses to this delicate issue. Part III will focus specifically on the withdrawal of feeding tubes from elderly incompetent, but conscious, patients with severe and permanent mental and physical impairments and a limited life expectancy. Part III will recommend that courts, in determining whether such patients have a right to die, adopt a standard which characterizes artificial nutrition and hydration as a type of life-sustaining medical treatment which may be terminated. The standard adopted should be one which also gives determinative weight to the wishes of the patient or, alternatively, the patient\u27s best interests

Preliminary Measurement Properties of the Early Childhood Occupational Profile (ECOPE)

Background: This study established the preliminary psychometric properties of the Early Childhood Occupational Profile (ECOPE; Moore & Bowyer, 2018) and investigated the perspectives of occupational therapists on the clinical utility of the tool. Method: An embedded mixed methods research design was used to support the use of different research questions and unique sets of data. National and international occupational therapists administered the ECOPE on video case studies and on children from their caseload. These data were analyzed using the Rasch goodness of fit statistics to evaluate the validity and reliability of the ECOPE. The participating occupational therapists also completed an anonymous survey to gather information on the clinical utility of the tool. Results: The Rasch goodness of fit statistics indicated the ECOPE strongly measures the construct of occupational participation and reliably detects differences in young children’s occupational participation skills. Qualitative data from occupational therapists indicated the ECOPE has strong clinical utility and a positive impact on treatment planning. Conclusion: This study established the preliminary reliability, validity, and clinical utility of the ECOPE. The ECOPE is an occupation-based assessment that reflects the distinct value of occupational therapy while evaluating the young child’s occupational participation skills in the natural contexts of home or community

Capparian March

https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/mmb-ps/2440/thumbnail.jp

Airborne bacterial populations above desert soils of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica

Bacteria are assumed to disperse widely via aerosolized transport due to their small size and resilience. The question of microbial endemicity in isolated populations is directly related to the level of airborne exogenous inputs, yet this has proven hard to identify. The ice-free terrestrial ecosystem of Antarctica, a geographically and climatically isolated continent, was used to interrogate microbial bio-aerosols in relation to the surrounding ecology and climate. High-throughput sequencing of bacterial ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes was combined with analyses of climate patterns during an austral summer. In general terms, the aerosols were dominated by Firmicutes, whereas surrounding soils supported Actinobacteria-dominated communities. The most abundant taxa were also common to aerosols from other continents, suggesting that a distinct bio-aerosol community is widely dispersed. No evidence for significant marine input to bio-aerosols was found at this maritime valley site, instead local influence was largely from nearby volcanic sources. Back trajectory analysis revealed transport of incoming regional air masses across the Antarctic Plateau, and this is envisaged as a strong selective force. It is postulated that local soil microbial dispersal occurs largely via stochastic mobilization of mineral soil particulates

Modulation of the DNA damage response during the life cycle of human papillomaviruses

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted viral infection. Infection with certain types of HPV pose a major public health risk as these types are associated with multiple human cancers, including cervical cancer, other anogenital malignancies and an increasing number of head and neck cancers. The HPV life cycle is closely tied to host cell differentiation with late viral events such as structural gene expression and viral genome amplification taking place in the upper layers of the stratified epithelium. The DNA damage response (DDR) is an elaborate signaling network of proteins that regulate the fidelity of replication by detecting, signaling and repairing DNA lesions. ATM and ATR are two kinases that are major regulators of DNA damage detection and repair. A multitude of studies indicate that activation of the ATM (Ataxia telangiectasia mutated) and ATR (Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related) pathways are critical for HPV to productively replicate. This review outlines how HPV interfaces with the ATM- and ATR-dependent DNA damage responses throughout the viral life cycle to create an environment supportive of viral replication and how activation of these pathways could impact genomic stability

Integrated Flush Air Data Sensing System Modeling for Planetary Entry Guidance with Direct Force Control

Flush air data sensing (FADS) systems have been previously used at both Earth and Mars to provide onboard estimates of angle of attack, sideslip angle, and dynamic pressure. However, these FADS data were often not used in an in-the-loop sense to inform the onboard guidance and control systems. A method to integrate FADS-derived density and wind estimates with a numerical predictor-corrector guidance algorithm is presented. The method is demonstrated in a high-fidelity simulation of a human-scale Mars entry vehicle that utilizes a hypersonic inflatable aerodynamic decelerator (HIAD) with direct force control. Effects on guidance commands and state uncertainties both with and without FADS system modeling are presented and discussed