Application of cholesterol determination method to indirectly detect meat and bone meals in ruminant feeds

Não InformadoThe aim of this study was to verify the presence of meat and bone meal (MBM) in ruminant feed, by identifying the cholesterol using gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector. The proposed method demonstrated precision, trueness, and capability to detect MBM in the ruminant feed.The aim of this study was to verify the presence of meat and bone meal (MBM) in ruminant feed, by identifying the cholesterol using gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector. The proposed method demonstrated precision, trueness, and capability to detect MBM in the ruminant feed.The aim of this study was to verify the presence of meat and bone meal (MBM) in ruminant feed, by identifying the cholesterol using gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector. The proposed method demonstrated precision, trueness, and capability to detect MBM in the ruminant feed.368122212221226Não InformadoNão Informad

Comparison of extraction methods for kahweol and cafestol analysis in roasted coffee

Não InformadoKahweol and cafestol, diterpenes from the unsaponifiable fraction of coffee, present known effects on human health such as anticarcinogenic and hipercholesterolemic activities. There are discrepancies regarding the levels reported for these compounds in roasted coffee, probably due to the extraction processes. Therefore, four sample preparation methods were studied: direct hot saponification (DHS), direct cold saponification (DCS); and Bligh and Dyer (BD) or Soxhlet (SO) extraction followed by saponification. The levels of diterpenes and their dehydro derivatives obtained by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array and mass spectrometry detectors (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS) and the chromatographic profiles of roasted coffee, obtained by these four methods, were compared. DHS was more efficient for extraction, showing better separation of chromatographic peaks and levels of 930.2 (± 36.8), 113.2 (± 4.7), 568.6 (± 16.6) and 87.1 (± 3.7) mg 100 g-1 for kahweol, dehydrokahweol, cafestol and dehydrocafestol, respectively. The DHS extract presented a diterpene content (kahweol and cafestol) 15% superior to that of DCS and up to 88% superior than using SO and BD methods.Kahweol and cafestol, diterpenes from the unsaponifiable fraction of coffee, present known effects on human health such as anticarcinogenic and hipercholesterolemic activities. There are discrepancies regarding the levels reported for these compounds in roasted coffee, probably due to the extraction processes. Therefore, four sample preparation methods were studied: direct hot saponification (DHS), direct cold saponification (DCS)and Bligh and Dyer (BD) or Soxhlet (SO) extraction followed by saponification. The levels of diterpenes and their dehydro derivatives obtained by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array and mass spectrometry detectors (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS) and the chromatographic profiles of roasted coffee, obtained by these four methods, were compared. DHS was more efficient for extraction, showing better separation of chromatographic peaks and levels of 930.2 (± 36.8), 113.2 (± 4.7), 568.6 (± 16.6) and 87.1 (± 3.7) mg 100 g-1 for kahweol, dehydrokahweol, cafestol and dehydrocafestol, respectively. The DHS extract presented a diterpene content (kahweol and cafestol) 15% superior to that of DCS and up to 88% superior than using SO and BD methods.Kahweol and cafestol, diterpenes from the unsaponifiable fraction of coffee, present known effects on human health such as anticarcinogenic and hipercholesterolemic activities. There are discrepancies regarding the levels reported for these compounds in roasted coffee, probably due to the extraction processes. Therefore, four sample preparation methods were studied: direct hot saponification (DHS), direct cold saponification (DCS)and Bligh and Dyer (BD) or Soxhlet (SO) extraction followed by saponification. The levels of diterpenes and their dehydro derivatives obtained by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array and mass spectrometry detectors (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS) and the chromatographic profiles of roasted coffee, obtained by these four methods, were compared. DHS was more efficient for extraction, showing better separation of chromatographic peaks and levels of 930.2 (± 36.8), 113.2 (± 4.7), 568.6 (± 16.6) and 87.1 (± 3.7) mg 100 g-1 for kahweol, dehydrokahweol, cafestol and dehydrocafestol, respectively. The DHS extract presented a diterpene content (kahweol and cafestol) 15% superior to that of DCS and up to 88% superior than using SO and BD methods.243492492499Não InformadoNão InformadoCaveol e cafestol, diterpenos da fração lipídica do café, têm efeitos conhecidos na saúde humana, como atividade anticarcinogênica e hipercolesterolêmica. Existem divergências quanto às concentrações desses compostos reportadas para café torrado, provavelmente devido aos processos de extração empregados. Assim, quatro métodos de preparo de amostra foram estudados: saponificação direta a quente (SDQ), saponificação direta a frio (SDF)e extração por Bligh e Dyer (BD) ou soxhlet (SO) seguida de saponificação. Teores dos diterpenos e seus dehidroderivados obtidos por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência acoplada a detector de arranjo de diodos e espectrometria de massa (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS) e perfis cromatográficos de café torrado, obtidos pelos quatro métodos, foram comparados. SDQ foi mais eficiente quanto à extração, mostrando melhor separação dos picos cromatográficos e teores de 930,2 (± 36,8), 113,2 (± 4,7), 568,6 (± 16,6) e 87,1 (± 3,7) mg 100 g-1 para caveol, dehidrocaveol, cafestol e dehidrocafestol, respectivamente. O extrato SDQ apresentou teores de diterpenos (caveol e cafestol) 15% superiores àqueles obtidos por SDF e até 88% maiores que pelos métodos SO e BD.Kahweol and cafestol, diterpenes from the unsaponifiable fraction of coffee, present known effects on human health such as anticarcinogenic and hipercholesterolemic activities. There are discrepancies regarding the levels reported for these compounds in roasted coffee, probably due to the extraction processes. Therefore, four sample preparation methods were studied: direct hot saponification (DHS), direct cold saponification (DCS)and Bligh and Dyer (BD) or Soxhlet (SO) extraction followed by saponification. The levels of diterpenes and their dehydro derivatives obtained by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array and mass spectrometry detectors (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS) and the chromatographic profiles of roasted coffee, obtained by these four methods, were compared. DHS was more efficient for extraction, showing better separation of chromatographic peaks and levels of 930.2 (± 36.8), 113.2 (± 4.7), 568.6 (± 16.6) and 87.1 (± 3.7) mg 100 g-1 for kahweol, dehydrokahweol, cafestol and dehydrocafestol, respectively. The DHS extract presented a diterpene content (kahweol and cafestol) 15% superior to that of DCS and up to 88% superior than using SO and BD methods.Caveol e cafestol, diterpenos da fração lipídica do café, têm efeitos conhecidos na saúde humana, como atividade anticarcinogênica e hipercolesterolêmica. Existem divergências quanto às concentrações desses compostos reportadas para café torrado, provavelmente devido aos processos de extração empregados. Assim, quatro métodos de preparo de amostra foram estudados: saponificação direta a quente (SDQ), saponificação direta a frio (SDF)e extração por Bligh e Dyer (BD) ou soxhlet (SO) seguida de saponificação. Teores dos diterpenos e seus dehidroderivados obtidos por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência acoplada a detector de arranjo de diodos e espectrometria de massa (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS) e perfis cromatográficos de café torrado, obtidos pelos quatro métodos, foram comparados. SDQ foi mais eficiente quanto à extração, mostrando melhor separação dos picos cromatográficos e teores de 930,2 (± 36,8), 113,2 (± 4,7), 568,6 (± 16,6) e 87,1 (± 3,7) mg 100 g-1 para caveol, dehidrocaveol, cafestol e dehidrocafestol, respectivamente. O extrato SDQ apresentou teores de diterpenos (caveol e cafestol) 15% superiores àqueles obtidos por SDF e até 88% maiores que pelos métodos SO e BD.Kahweol and cafestol, diterpenes from the unsaponifiable fraction of coffee, present known effects on human health such as anticarcinogenic and hipercholesterolemic activities. There are discrepancies regarding the levels reported for these compounds in roasted coffee, probably due to the extraction processes. Therefore, four sample preparation methods were studied: direct hot saponification (DHS), direct cold saponification (DCS)and Bligh and Dyer (BD) or Soxhlet (SO) extraction followed by saponification. The levels of diterpenes and their dehydro derivatives obtained by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array and mass spectrometry detectors (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS) and the chromatographic profiles of roasted coffee, obtained by these four methods, were compared. DHS was more efficient for extraction, showing better separation of chromatographic peaks and levels of 930.2 (± 36.8), 113.2 (± 4.7), 568.6 (± 16.6) and 87.1 (± 3.7) mg 100 g-1 for kahweol, dehydrokahweol, cafestol and dehydrocafestol, respectively. The DHS extract presented a diterpene content (kahweol and cafestol) 15% superior to that of DCS and up to 88% superior than using SO and BD methods

A big data approach to identify the loss of coastal cultural ecosystem services caused by the 2019 Brazilian oil spill disaster

In August 2019, the Northeast coast of Brazil was impacted by an extensive oil spill, with immediate effects on marine and coastal ecosystems and significant impacts on tourism and food security. The human dimension of those impacts also includes the loss of cultural ecosystem services (CES); the non-material benefits stemming from strongly rooted cultural practices and relationships with nature. CES are of great importance for local residents and visitors that flock to Brazilian iconic beaches, however, they are difficult to measure using traditional assessment methods due to their subjective and non-tangible nature. Here, we use a big data approach to assess and map the loss of CES in the Northeast coast of Brazil caused by the recent oil spill. We analysed 2,880 digital images (published on the image sharing platform Flickr) taken before and during the disaster in affected locations, using a combination of automated techniques. Results showed a sharp decline in the number of users posting photos of locations affected by oil spill, and a decline in photos representing landscape and cultural appreciation. Our big data approach provides a fast and automated way to assess CES at large spatial scales that can be used to monitor the social impacts of environmental disasters.Peer reviewe

Electrochemical integration of graphene with light absorbing copper-based thin films

We present an electrochemical route for the integration of graphene with light sensitive copper-based alloys used in optoelectronic applications. Graphene grown using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) transferred to glass is found to be a robust substrate on which photoconductive Cu_{x}S films of 1-2 um thickness can be deposited. The effect of growth parameters on the morphology and photoconductivity of Cu_{x}S films is presented. Current-voltage characterization and photoconductivity decay experiments are performed with graphene as one contact and silver epoxy as the other

[effect Of Eggplant On Plasma Lipid Levels, Lipidic Peroxidation And Reversion Of Endothelial Dysfunction In Experimental Hypercholesterolemia].

To study the effect of egg plant on endothelium-dependent relaxation, and plasma lipids in hypercholesterolemic rabbits, and to assess influence of this plant on the malondialdehyde (MDA) content of LDL particles and the arterial wall. Thirteen male rabbits were randomly assigned to control (C), hypercholesterolemic (H) and egg plant (E) treated groups (n = 10 each). The H and E rabbits were fed a diet supplemented with cholesterol (0.5%) and coconut oil (10%) for 4 weeks. In addition, group E received 10 mL of the fruit juice/day during the last 2 weeks. The animals were killed and the aorta removed to measure MDA content and the endothelium dependent relaxation responses. Total plasma cholesterol, VLDL, LDL, HDL and triglyceride levels were determined using commercial kits. MDA was quantified in native and oxidized LDL and in the arterial wall. After 4 weeks, the E group rabbits had a significantly lower weight, plasma cholesterol, LDL, triglyceride and aortic cholesterol content than group H(p < 0.05). The MDA content that was significantly increased in the LDL particles and in the arterial wall of H rabbits was reduced in the E group (p < 0.05). Endothelium-dependent relaxation were significantly higher in the E group compared H group rabbits (p < 0.05). In hypercholesterolemic rabbits egg plant juice significantly reduced weight, plasma cholesterol levels, aortic cholesterol content and the MDA concentrations in native-oxidized LDL and in the arterial wall and increased the endothelium-dependent relaxations.7087-9

Effect of eggplant on plasma lipid levels, lipidic peroxidation and reversion of endothelial dysfunction in experimental hypercholesterolemia

Estudar o efeito do suco da berinjela sobre os lípides plasmáticos, o colesterol tecidual, a peroxidação lipídica das LDL nativas, oxidadas e da parede arterial e o relaxamento dependente do endotélio, em coelhos hipercolesterolêmicos. MÉTODOS: Coelhos foram separados em grupos controle (GC), hipercolesterolêmico (GH) e berinjela (GB), (n=10). Os animais do GC foram alimentados com ração normal, o GH e o GB com ração acrescentada de colesterol (0,5%) e gordura de babaçu (10%) durante 30 dias. Ao GB acrescentou-se suco de berinjela, nos últimos 15 dias do experimento. Os lípides plasmáticos foram medidos através de kits enzimáticos, a peroxidação lipídica pela dosagem do malondialdeído (MDA) e o relaxamento dependente do endotélio, por curvas de concentração efeito pela acetilcolina e nitroprussiato. RESULTADOS: O peso dos animais foi menor no GB em relação ao GC e GH (p<0,05). O colesterol total plasmático, as LDL e os triglicérides que se elevaram no GH, reduziram-se em 19%, 29% e 38%, respectivamente no GB (p<0,05). O colesterol tecidual foi menor no GB (50%) em relação ao GH (p<0,05). Nos animais do GB ocorreu redução significante do teor de MDA nas LDL nativas (56%) e oxidadas (22%), assim como na parede arterial (30%) (p<0,05). O relaxamento máximo dependente do endotélio, , elevou-se significantemente em 28% no GB em relação ao GH (p<0,05). CONCLUSÃO: O suco de berinjela administrado a coelhos hipercolesterolêmicos reduziu significantemente o peso corpóreo, o colesterol total, as LDL plasmáticas, os triglicérides, o colesterol tecidual, a peroxidação lipídica das LDL nativas, oxidadas e da parede arterial, assim como aumentou o relaxamento dependente do endotélio7028791To study the effect of egg plant on endothelium-dependent relaxation, and plasma lipids in hypercholesterolemic rabbits, and to assess influence of this plant on the malondialdehyde (MDA) content of LDL particles and the arterial wall. METHODS: Thirteen male rabbits were randomly assigned to control (C), hypercholesterolemic (H) and egg plant (E) treated groups (n=10 each). The H and E rabbits were fed a diet supplemented with cholesterol (0.5%) and coconut oil (10%) for 4 weeks. In addition, group E received 10mL of the fruit juice/day during the last 2 weeks.The animals were killed and the aorta removed to measure MDA content and the endothelium dependent relaxation responses. Total plasma cholesterol, VLDL, LDL, HDL and triglyceride levels were determined using commercial kits. MDA was quantified in native and oxidized LDL and in the arterial wall. RESULTS: After 4 weeks, the E group rabbits had a significantly lower weight , plasma cholesterol, LDL, triglyceride and aortic cholesterol contentthan group H(p<0.05). The MDA content that was significantly increased in the LDL particles and in the arterial wall of H rabbits was reduced in the E group (p<0.05). Endothelium-dependent relaxation were significantly higher in the E group compared H group rabbits (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: In hypercholesterolemic rabbits egg plant juice significantly reduced weight, plasma cholesterol levels, aortic cholesterol content and the MDA concentrations in native-oxidized LDL and in the arterial wall and increased the endothelium-dependent relaxation

Effect of eggplant on plasma lipid levels, lipidic peroxidation and reversion of endothelial dysfunction in experimental hypercholesterolemia

PURPOSE: To study the effect of egg plant on endothelium-dependent relaxation, and plasma lipids in hypercholesterolemic rabbits, and to assess influence of this plant on the malondialdehyde (MDA) content of LDL particles and the arterial wall. METHODS: Thirteen male rabbits were randomly assigned to control (C), hypercholesterolemic (H) and egg plant (E) treated groups (n=10 each). The H and E rabbits were fed a diet supplemented with cholesterol (0.5%) and coconut oil (10%) for 4 weeks. In addition, group E received 10mL of the fruit juice/day during the last 2 weeks.The animals were killed and the aorta removed to measure MDA content and the endothelium dependent relaxation responses. Total plasma cholesterol, VLDL, LDL, HDL and triglyceride levels were determined using commercial kits. MDA was quantified in native and oxidized LDL and in the arterial wall. RESULTS: After 4 weeks, the E group rabbits had a significantly lower weight , plasma cholesterol, LDL, triglyceride and aortic cholesterol contentthan group H(p<0.05). The MDA content that was significantly increased in the LDL particles and in the arterial wall of H rabbits was reduced in the E group (p<0.05). Endothelium-dependent relaxation were significantly higher in the E group compared H group rabbits (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: In hypercholesterolemic rabbits egg plant juice significantly reduced weight, plasma cholesterol levels, aortic cholesterol content and the MDA concentrations in native-oxidized LDL and in the arterial wall and increased the endothelium-dependent relaxations.Estudar o efeito do suco da berinjela sobre os lípides plasmáticos, o colesterol tecidual, a peroxidação lipídica das LDL nativas, oxidadas e da parede arterial e o relaxamento dependente do endotélio, em coelhos hipercolesterolêmicos. Coelhos foram separados em grupos controle (GC), hipercolesterolêmico (GH) e berinjela (GB), (n=10). Os animais do GC foram alimentados com ração normal, o GH e o GB com ração acrescentada de colesterol (0,5%) e gordura de babaçu (10%) durante 30 dias. Ao GB acrescentou-se suco de berinjela, nos últimos 15 dias do experimento. Os lípides plasmáticos foram medidos através de kits enzimáticos, a peroxidação lipídica pela dosagem do malondialdeído (MDA) e o relaxamento dependente do endotélio, por curvas de concentração efeito pela acetilcolina e nitroprussiato. O peso dos animais foi menor no GB em relação ao GC e GH (p<0,05). O colesterol total plasmático, as LDL e os triglicérides que se elevaram no GH, reduziram-se em 19%, 29% e 38%, respectivamente no GB (p<0,05). O colesterol tecidual foi menor no GB (50%) em relação ao GH (p<0,05). Nos animais do GB ocorreu redução significante do teor de MDA nas LDL nativas (56%) e oxidadas (22%), assim como na parede arterial (30%) (p<0,05). O relaxamento máximo dependente do endotélio, , elevou-se significantemente em 28% no GB em relação ao GH (p<0,05). O suco de berinjela administrado a coelhos hipercolesterolêmicos reduziu significantemente o peso corpóreo, o colesterol total, as LDL plasmáticas, os triglicérides, o colesterol tecidual, a peroxidação lipídica das LDL nativas, oxidadas e da parede arterial, assim como aumentou o relaxamento dependente do endotélio.7028791To study the effect of egg plant on endothelium-dependent relaxation, and plasma lipids in hypercholesterolemic rabbits, and to assess influence of this plant on the malondialdehyde (MDA) content of LDL particles and the arterial wall. Thirteen male rabbits were randomly assigned to control (C), hypercholesterolemic (H) and egg plant (E) treated groups (n=10 each). The H and E rabbits were fed a diet supplemented with cholesterol (0.5%) and coconut oil (10%) for 4 weeks. In addition, group E received 10mL of the fruit juice/day during the last 2 weeks.The animals were killed and the aorta removed to measure MDA content and the endothelium dependent relaxation responses. Total plasma cholesterol, VLDL, LDL, HDL and triglyceride levels were determined using commercial kits. MDA was quantified in native and oxidized LDL and in the arterial wall. After 4 weeks, the E group rabbits had a significantly lower weight , plasma cholesterol, LDL, triglyceride and aortic cholesterol contentthan group H(p<0.05). The MDA content that was significantly increased in the LDL particles and in the arterial wall of H rabbits was reduced in the E group (p<0.05). Endothelium-dependent relaxation were significantly higher in the E group compared H group rabbits (p<0.05). In hypercholesterolemic rabbits egg plant juice significantly reduced weight, plasma cholesterol levels, aortic cholesterol content and the MDA concentrations in native-oxidized LDL and in the arterial wall and increased the endothelium-dependent relaxations

Relational Quantum Mechanics

I suggest that the common unease with taking quantum mechanics as a fundamental description of nature (the "measurement problem") could derive from the use of an incorrect notion, as the unease with the Lorentz transformations before Einstein derived from the notion of observer-independent time. I suggest that this incorrect notion is the notion of observer-independent state of a system (or observer-independent values of physical quantities). I reformulate the problem of the "interpretation of quantum mechanics" as the problem of deriving the formalism from a few simple physical postulates. I consider a reformulation of quantum mechanics in terms of information theory. All systems are assumed to be equivalent, there is no observer-observed distinction, and the theory describes only the information that systems have about each other; nevertheless, the theory is complete.Comment: Substantially revised version. LaTeX fil

Cross-sectional Survey of Hantavirus Infection, Brazil

A cross-sectional serosurvey was conducted to assess the proportion of persons exposed to hantaviruses in a virus-endemic area of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Findings of this study suggested the presence of >1 hantaviruses circulating in this region causing hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, mild disease, or asymptomatic infection