Anacardium plants: Chemical,nutritional composition and biotechnological applications

Anacardium plants are native to the American tropical regions, and Anacardium occidentale L. (cashew tree) is the most recognized species of the genus. These species contain rich secondary metabolites in their leaf and shoot powder, fruits and other parts that have shown diverse applications. This review describes the habitat and cultivation of Anacardium species, phytochemical and nutritional composition, and their industrial food applications. Besides, we also discuss the secondary metabolites present in Anacardium plants which display great antioxidant and antimicrobial effects. These make the use of Anacardium species in the food industry an interesting approach to the development of green foods.AK. Jugran acknowledges the partial funding from Uttarakhand council for Biotechnology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India (File No. UCB/R&D Project/2018-311) for this work. M. Martorell would like to thank the support offered by CONICYT PIA/APOYO CCTE AFB170007. N. Martins would like to thank the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT-Portugal) for the Strategic project ref. UID/BIM/04293/2013 and ?NORTE2020 - Northern Regional Operational Program? (NORTE-01-0145-FEDER- 000012)

A Mathematical Model and a Firefly Algorithm for an Extended Flexible Job Shop Problem with Availability Constraints

Manufacturing scheduling strategies have historically ignored the availability of the machines. The more realistic the schedule, more accurate the calculations and predictions. Availability of machines will play a crucial role in the Industry 4.0 smart factories. In this paper, a mixed integer linear programming model (MILP) and a discrete firefly algorithm (DFA) are proposed for an extended multi-objective FJSP with availability constraints (FJSP-FCR). Several standard instances of FJSP have been used to evaluate the performance of the model and the algorithm. New FJSP-FCR instances are provided. Comparisons among the proposed methods and other state-of-the-art reported algorithms are also presented. Alongside the proposed MILP model, a Genetic Algorithm is implemented for the experiments with the DFA. Extensive investigations are conducted to test the performance of the proposed model and the DFA. The comparisons between DFA and other recently published algorithms shows that it is a feasible approach for the stated problem

Coupling dynamics of a geared multibody system supported by Elastohydrodynamic lubricated cylindrical joints

A comprehensive computational methodology to study the coupling dynamics of a geared multibody system supported by ElastoHydroDynamic (EHD) lubricated cylindrical joints is proposed throughout this work. The geared multibody system is described by using the Absolute-Coordinate-Based (ACB) method that combines the Natural Coordinate Formulation (NCF) describing rigid bodies and the Absolute Nodal Coordinate Formulation (ANCF) characterizing the flexible bodies. Based on the finite-short bearing approach, the EHD lubrication condition for the cylindrical joints supporting the geared system is considered here. The lubrication forces developed at the cylindrical joints are obtained by solving the Reynolds’ equation via the finite difference method. For the evaluation of the normal contact forces of gear pair along the Line Of Action (LOA), the time-varying mesh stiffness, mesh damping and Static Transmission Error (STE) are utilized. The time-varying mesh stiffness is calculated by using the Chaari’s methodology. The forces of sliding friction along the Off-Line-Of-Action (OLOA) are computed by using the Coulomb friction models with a time-varying coefficient of friction under the EHD lubrication condition of gear teeth. Finally, two numerical examples of application are presented to demonstrate and validate the proposed methodology.National Natural Science Foundations of China under Grant 11290151, 11221202 and 11002022, Beijing Higher Education Young Elite Teacher Project under Grant YETP1201

The effect of gibberellic acid treatments on the yield and fruit quality of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) Cv. Camarosa

Application of exogenous gibberellic acid (GA3) is a common agricultural practice in the coastal region of Turkey to break flower bud dormancy early. This treatment extends the strawberry growing season, increasing fruit yield. The effectiveness of GA3 at 0, 5, 10 and 20 ppm, applied exogenously during the 2nd and 4th week of January was assessed on cv. Camarosa plants. The test-plants were field cultivated in a randomized block design at a Mediterranean coastal side in Turkey. Tests confirmed the efficiency of the experimental treatments to cause early flowering and fruit quality (weight, soluble solid, acidity) was not diminished. From this study, a treatment of 10 ppm GA3 applied to fruit frost protected plants during the 2nd week of January is recommended for cv. Camarosa. © ISHS

The effects of some plant nutrients, gibberellic acid and pinolene treatments on the yield, fruit quality and cracking in pomegranate

There are a lot of problems in pomegranate growing in Turkey, but fruit cracking is the main quality problem encountered. Fruit cracking is a physiological disorder that occurs because of the different growth rates between skin and flesh of fruit. This study attempts to decrease cracking of fruits of the 'Hicaz' and 'Silifke Aşysy' pomegranate cultivars with various treatments applied over two years. For this purpose, various nutrient (boric acid, magnesium sulphate and potassium nitrate), gibberellic acid and pinolene treatments were applied in 1996 and 1997. These treatments were applied at two different times. The rates of fruit cracking were determined at harvest. Pomological analyses were conducted after harvest. The most effective treatment against fruit cracking was found to be gibberellic acid. It was observed that 150 and 200 mg l-1 GA3 delayed the maturation of fruits and abscission of leaves

The effects of Ethrel on the ripening and harvesting of olive

In Turkey, harvesting of olive is generally made by hand. Because of this, growers have a difficulty time harvesting. In addition, the cost is also high. When the harvest is made by hand or by shaking the branches with hand, the fruits are sometimes harvested with their clusters and some of the olives, which are not ripened, are harvested, as well. The aim of this experiment is to induce homogenous maturity in olive by using of Ethrel and mechanic shaker. The treatment was carried out by Manzanillo variety as tree applications. Ethrel was applied on trees a month before harvesting in order to induce homogenous maturity. 2000, 4000, and 8000 ppm doses of Ethrel were selected. In addition to these, (handing shaker) and mechanic shaker (pneumatic shaker) were used. Experiment was designed with three replicated randomized parcels. The results suggest that 2000, 4000 and 8000 ppm doses of Ethrel induced homogenous maturity. However in the control trees, it is observed that ripened fruit is harvested together with the unripened ones. It is also observed that all the fruit dropped ratios, in all three selected Ethrel applications, is approximately 100 %. Besides in the application of 8000 ppm Ethrel dose, early ripening is observed when compared to other doses. In addition to these, it is also observed that harvested fruits of all Ethrel doses were without clusters. In conclusion, it can be suggested that the use of high doses of Ethrel is not needed and 2000 ppm Ethrel is more suitable than the other doses in terms of economical situation

Hormone physiology of preharvest fruit cracking in pomegranate (Punica granatum L.)

The aim of this experiment was an examination of the plant hormone physiology of preharvest fruit cracking in pomegranate (Punica grantum L.). The experiment was carried out with the cultivars 'İzmir 10', 'İzmir 15', 'İzmir 16', 'İzmir 23', 'İzmir 26', 'Silifke Aşisi' and 'Hicaz', 4 replicates of each, at the research and experimental field of the Agricultural Faculty of Çukurova University, Turkey, in 2001 and 2002. Abscisic acid (ABA), indole 3- acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellic acid (GA 3) contents were measured in the fruit peel of all the cultivars. At the same time, the yield and percent fruit cracking for all cultivars have been determined. The highest fruit cracking rates were in İzmir 10 and Silifke asm, the lowest was in İzmir 16 in 2001, while the highest was in İzmir 15 and the lowest was in İzmir 16 in 2002. The ABA content of the peel was generally higher in cracked fruit than in the peel of healthy (non-cracked) fruit

Changes in the content of phenolic compounds at different maturation stages of three pomegranate cultivars

This study was carried out at the pomegranate orchard Horticulture Department of Cukurova University between 2004 and 2005. In this study, the eight phenolic compounds (gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, catechin, protocatechuic acid, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid and o-coumaric acid) were determined in the juice, seeds and peel of ‘Hicaz’, ‘Silifke Asisi’ and ‘Çekirdeksiz VI’ cultivars at three different maturation stages by HPLC. At the end of the study it was concluded that, the content of phenolic compounds changed according to the cultivars, maturation stage, fruit tissue and type of phenolic compounds. The highest total amounts of phenolic compounds were found in fruit peel, fruit juice and seed, respectively. The amounts of gallic acid, catechin and chlorogenic acid were respectively the highest in all cultivars, maturation stages and fruit tissues although, other phenolic compounds were also determined in all fruit tissues of pomegranate. © 2019 International Society for Horticultural Science. All rights reserved

The situation of pomegranate and minor mediterranean fruits in Turkey

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is one of the traditional fruits cultivated for centuries in Turkey. According to some literature, one of the native lands of pomegranate is Turkey, wild pomegranates were spread from Anatolia through Mediterranean countries. Because Turkey is an area of origin of the pomegranate there are different types and forms, and pomegranate has wide adaptation possibilities. Pomegranates are used for food as juice, for canning, for citric acid and animal feed, and for many industrial uses. The total pomegranate production of Turkey reached approximately 80 thousand tons in 2003. Turkey is an important pomegranate export country in the world. Zizyphus spp., Prunus lauricerasus L., Diospyrus lotus L., Pinus pinea L., Arbutus unedo L., Myrthus communis L., Pistacia lentiscus, Juniperus oxicedrus L., Crataegus azarolus L, Cornus mas L, Morus spp., Cydonia oblonga Mill. and Capparis spinosa were also grown for centuries as a traditional fruit in Turkey. These fruit species are grown as scattered trees or as roadside hedges or mixed with other fruit trees from the coastal to the mountainous areas

The fruit traits of some pomegranate cultivars in adana ecological conditions

The aim of this study was to determine the adaptation of 21 pomegranate cultivars to the Adana ecological conditions. An experiment was carried out with 'İzmir 1', 'İzmir 2', 'İzmir 8', 'İzmir 10', 'İzmir 12', 'İzmir 15', 'İzmir 16', 'İzmir 23', 'İzmir 26', 'İzmir 29', 'İzmir 1261', 'İzmir 1264', 'İzmir 1265', 'İzmir 1267', 'İzmir 1445', 'İzmir 1453', 'İzmir 1465', 'İzmir 1479', 'İzmir 1483', 'İzmir 1499' and 'İzmir 1513' in five replications at the research and experimental field of Agricultural Faculty of Çukurova University between 2001 and 2003. Fruit weight, fruit length, fruit diameter, aril rate, juice rate, peel thickness, TSS, acidity, skin colour, aril colour, taste, seed hardness were determined in fruits in pomological analyses. Several pomegranate cultivars were found to be suitable for the ecological conditions of Adana and fruit characters varied in cultivars