Leaving the Devil You Know: Crime Victimization, US Deterrence Policy, and the Emigration Decision in Central America

Following a sharp increase in the number of border arrivals from the violence-torn countries of Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras in the spring and summer of 2014, the United States quickly implemented a strategy designed to prevent such surges by enhancing its detention and deportation efforts. In this article, we examine the emigration decision for citizens living in the high-crime contexts of northern Central America. First, through analysis of survey data across Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras, we explore the role crime victimization plays in leading residents of these countries to consider emigration. Next, using survey data collected across twelve municipalities in Honduras, we evaluate the extent to which knowledge of heightened US immigration deterrence efforts influenced respondents’ emigration decision. Though a vast majority of these respondents were aware of the stricter US immigration policy regime, this awareness had no effect on their consideration of emigration as a viable strategy

Evaluating environmental drivers of spatial variability in free-living nematode assemblages along the Portuguese margin

Understanding processes responsible for shaping biodiversity patterns on continental margins is an important requirement for comprehending anthropogenic impacts in these environments and further management of biodiversity. Continental margins perform crucial functions linked to key ecological processes which are mainly structured by surface primary productivity and particulate organic matter flux to the seafloor, but also by heterogeneity in seafloor characteristics. However, to what extent these processes control local and regional biodiversity remains unclear. In this study, two isobathic parallel transects located at the shelf break (300-400 m) and upper slope (1000 m) of the western Iberian margin were used to test how food input and sediment heterogeneity affect nematode diversity independently from the spatial factors geographical distance and water depth. We also examined the potential role of connectedness between both depth transects through molecular phylogenetic analyses. Regional generic diversity and turnover were investigated at three levels: within a station, between stations from the same depth transect, and between transects. High variability in food availability and high sediment heterogeneity at the shelf-break transect were directly linked to high diversity within stations and higher variation in community structure across stations compared to the upper slope transect. Contrastingly, environmental factors (food availability and sediment) did not vary significantly between stations located at the upper slope, and this lack of differences were also reflected in a low community turnover between these deeper stations. Finally, differences in nematode communities between both transects were more pronounced than differences within each of the isobathic transects, but these changes were paralleled by the previously mentioned environmental changes. These results suggest that changes in community structure are mainly dictated by environmental factors rather than spatial differences at the western Iberian margin. Furthermore, phylogenetic relationships revealed no evidence for depth-endemic lineages, indicating regular species interchanges across different depths

Orbital and stochastic far-UV variability in the nova-like system V3885 Sgr

Highly time-resolved time-tagged FUSE satellite spectroscopic data are analysed to establish the far-ultraviolet (FUV) absorption line characteristics of the nova-like cataclysmic variable binary, V3885 Sgr. We determine the temporal behaviour of low (Ly_beta, CIII, NIII) and high (SIV, PV, OVI) ion species, and highlight corresponding orbital phase modulated changes in these lines. On average the absorption troughs are blueshifted due to a low velocity disc wind outflow. Very rapid (~ 5 min) fluctuations in the absorption lines are isolated, which are indicative of stochastic density changes. Doppler tomograms of the FUV lines are calculated which provide evidence for structures where a gas stream interacts with the accretion disc. We conclude that the line depth and velocity changes as a function of orbital phase are consistent with an asymmetry that has its origin in a line-emitting, localised disc-stream interaction region.Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRA

Generalized Toda Theory from Six Dimensions and the Conifold

Recently, a physical derivation of the Alday-Gaiotto-Tachikawa correspondence has been put forward. A crucial role is played by the complex Chern-Simons theory arising in the 3d-3d correspondence, whose boundary modes lead to Toda theory on a Riemann surface. We explore several features of this derivation and subsequently argue that it can be extended to a generalization of the AGT correspondence. The latter involves codimension two defects in six dimensions that wrap the Riemann surface. We use a purely geometrical description of these defects and find that the generalized AGT setup can be modeled in a pole region using generalized conifolds. Furthermore, we argue that the ordinary conifold clarifies several features of the derivation of the original AGT correspondence.Comment: 27+2 pages, 3 figure

Outbursts of EX Hydrae: mass-transfer events or disc instabilities?

We present the 45-yr record of EX Hya's lightcurve and discuss the characteristics of its 15 observed outbursts. We then concentrate on the 1998 outburst, reporting the first outburst X-ray observations. We discover an X-ray beat-cycle modulation, indicating that an enhanced accretion stream couples directly with the magnetosphere in outburst, confirming our previous prediction. Optical eclipse profiles late in outburst show that the visible light is dominated by an enhanced mass-transfer stream overflowing the accretion disc. We are uncertain whether the enhanced mass transfer is triggered by a disc instability, or by some other cause. While in outburst, EX Hya shows some of the characteristics of SW Sex stars.Comment: To appear in MNRAS (8 pages; 9 figs

Cutaneous Immune Cell-Microbiota Interactions Are Controlled by Epidermal JunB/AP-1

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a multi-factorial skin disease with a complex inflammatory signature including type 2 and type 17 activation. Although colonization by S. aureus is common in AD, the mechanisms rendering an organism prone to dysbiosis, and the role of IL-17A in the control of S. aureus-induced skin inflammation, are not well understood. Here, we show several pathological aspects of AD, including type 2/type 17 immune responses, elevated IgE, barrier dysfunction, pruritus, and importantly, spontaneous S. aureus colonization in JunBΔep mice, with a large transcriptomic overlap with AD. Additionally, using Rag1-/- mice, we demonstrate that adaptive immune cells are necessary for protection against S. aureus colonization. Prophylactic antibiotics, but not antibiotics after established dysbiosis, reduce IL-17A expression and skin inflammation, examined using Il17a-eGFP reporter mice. Mechanistically, keratinocytes lacking JunB exhibit higher MyD88 levels in vitro and in vivo, previously shown to regulate S. aureus colonization. In conclusion, our data identify JunB as an upstream regulator of microbiota-immune cell interactions and characterize the IL-17A response upon spontaneous dysbiosis.We thank the Wagner lab for helpful suggestions and discussion throughout the evolution of this project, specifically Alvaro Ucero, Nuria Gago, and Liliana Mellor. We thank Vanessa Bermeo and Guillermo Medrano for help with animal husbandry and genotyping. O.U. was funded by the ECTS/Amgen Bone Biology Fellowship (2013-2016) and by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (SAF2012-39670). B.R. and W.W. were funded by a Jesus-Serra visiting scientist grant. E.F.W. was funded by a European Research Council advanced grant (ERC FCK/2008/37).S

Mode Engineering in Large Arrays of Coupled Plasmonic–Dielectric Nanoantennas

Strong electromagnetic field confinement and enhancement can be readily achieved in plasmonic nanoantennas, however, this is considerably more difficult to realize over large areas, which is essential for many applications. Here, dispersion engineering in plasmonic metamaterials is applied to successfully develop and demonstrate a coupled array of plasmonic–dielectric nanoantennas offering an ultrahigh density of electromagnetic hot spots (10 cm ) over macroscopic, centimeter scale areas. The hetero-metamaterial is formed by a highly ordered array of vertically standing plasmonic dipolar antennas with a ZnO gap and fabricated using a scalable electrodeposition technique. It supports a complex modal structure, including guided, surface and gap modes, which offers rich opportunities, frequently beyond the local effective medium theory, with optical properties that can be easily controlled and defined at the fabrication stage. This metamaterial platform can be used in a wide variety of applications, including hot-electron generation, nanoscale light sources, sensors, as well as nonlinear and memristive devices. 11 −

Obtención de κ-Carragenano y λ-Carragenano a partir de macroalga Chondracanthus chamissoi y su aplicación en la industria alimentaria

The exploitation of algae producing carrageenan are intensified since the 80 '. Obtaining κ-carrageenan and λ-carrageenan is a function of the proper selection of algae, correct identification of the stages of life, control of parameters such as temperature, pH, time, concentration of solutions. The extraction process is based on: soluble in hot water and insolubility in polar organic solvents. Gametophyte phase is a starting point for the production of κ-carrageenan and phase sporophitic is geared to the production of λ - carrageenan. The ability gelling (κ-carrageenan) and performance viscosante (λ-carrageenan) of carrageenan are characteristics that apply to gelificar or thicken aqueous systems.La explotación de algas productoras de carragenanos se intensifican a partir de los 80. La obtención de κ -carragenano y λ -carragenano está en función de la selección adecuada de algas, identificación correcta de las fases de vida, control de parámetros como temperatura, pH, tiempo y concentración de soluciones. El proceso de extracción se basa en: solubilidad en agua caliente e insolubilidad en solventes orgánicos polares. La fase gametofita es punto de partida para la producción de κ-carragenano y la fase esporofita se orienta a la producción de λ-carragenano. La capacidad gelificante (κ-carragenano) y el comportamiento viscosante (λ-carragenano) de los carragenanos son características que se aplican para gelificar o espesar sistemas acuoso

Leaving the Devil You Know: Crime Victimization, US Deterrence Policy, and the Emigration Decision in Central America

Following a sharp increase in the number of border arrivals from the violence-torn countries of Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras in the spring and summer of 2014, the United States quickly implemented a strategy designed to prevent such surges by enhancing its detention and deportation efforts. In this article, we examine the emigration decision for citizens living in the high-crime contexts of northern Central America. First, through analysis of survey data across Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras, we explore the role crime victimization plays in leading residents of these countries to consider emigration. Next, using survey data collected across twelve municipalities in Honduras, we evaluate the extent to which knowledge of heightened US immigration deterrence efforts influenced respondents’ emigration decision. Though a vast majority of these respondents were aware of the stricter US immigration policy regime, this awareness had no effect on their consideration of emigration as a viable strategy. En la primavera y verano de 2014, Estados Unidos implementó una estrategia diseñada para prevenir una nueva ola migratoria después de un aumento elevado en el número de personas provenientes de Guatemala, El Salvador, y Honduras, países marcados por la violencia tratando de cruzar la frontera entre México y Estados Unidos. Dicha estrategia estaba fundamentada en el endurecimiento de las medidas de detención y deportación. En este artículo examinamos los factores que conllevan a los ciudadanos que viven en el norte de Centroamérica en contextos de alta criminalidad a tomar la decisión de emigrar. Primero, por medio del análisis de datos de encuestas para los casos de Guatemala, El Salvador, y Honduras, examinamos el rol que juega la victimización por crimen en la intención de emigrar de los ciudadanos que viven en estos países. En un segundo paso, usando datos de una encuesta llevada a cabo en doce municipalidades en Honduras, evaluamos hasta qué punto el conocimiento sobre las medidas implementadas por los Estados Unidos para detener la inmigración influye en la decisión de emigrar de los ciudadanos que viven en estas municipalidades con altos índices de criminalidad. Los resultados en este caso muestran que, a pesar de que la gran mayoría de ciudadanos tiene conocimiento sobre el endurecimiento de la política migratoria estadounidense, éste no tiene ningún efecto en su intención de emigrar

Experimental Evaluation of a SDN-DMM Architecture

[EN] Mobility management has become a great challenge due to the exponential growth in the number of devices that can connect to home or visited networks, and the need for providing seamless mobility in future generation networks. SDN-DMM (Software Defined Network Architecture for Distributed Mobility Management) architecture has been proposed [11], allowing to separate control and data planes, for the distributed mobility management through bidirectional IP flows. This article reports on aspects related to the implementation of SDN-DMM, conducted with metrics as packet loss, throughput and handover latency, considered in a comparison involving traditional routing and SDN-DMM. The results show the SDN approach not only provides the intrinsic benefits of SDN in comparison with traditional architectures, but also deals with the distributed mode of mobility management in heterogeneous access networks in a simplified and efficient wayThis work has been supported by: - FAP-DF ( “Fundação de Apoio `a Pesquisa do Distrito Federal ” ) – Brazil; - “Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad ”/Spain , through the “Convocatoria 2017: Proyectos I+D+I - Programa Estatal de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, convocatoria excelencia” (Project TIN2017 -84802 -C2 - 1 -P).T. Córdova, R.; Gondim, PR.; Lloret, J.; Jimenez, JM. (2018). Experimental Evaluation of a SDN-DMM Architecture. Network Protocols and Algorithms. 10(2):52-72. doi:10.5296/npa.v10i2.13193S527210