The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale\textendashRevised (CESD-20-R): Factorial Validity and Gender Invariance among Nigerian Young Adults

International audienceSince the revision of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD-20-R), few studies have examined its validity and none yet its gender invariance. This study addressed these critical issues among 502 Nigerian university students (50.4% of females, Mage = 22.10 years). Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) demonstrated that a one-, two- and three-dimensional structures were tenable; however, the latter model appeared to be the best-fitting model to the data reflecting cognitive-affective, physical, and self-destructive components. The estimates of the internal consistency reliability of the CESD-20-R were significant (McDonald ω = 0.94, Greatest Lower Bound = 0.96). Multi-group CFAs provided support for full configural and weak factorial invariances but partial strong and strict invariances across gender. At strong factorial invariance level, two items (#13 ``I felt fidgety'' and #19 ``trouble getting to sleep'') lacked invariance. Further, latent mean differences showed significantly higher scores among males than females on the self-destructive component reflecting suicidal ideation items (d = -0.238). Following CESD-20-R diagnostic criteria, 6.6% met criteria for major depression episode (MDE), 2.4% for probable MDE, and 5.6% for possible MDE. In sum, the CESD-20-R, which has been developed to be conformed to current depression diagnostic criteria, yielded a meaningful factorial structure and excellent internal consistency reliability. It can be used successfully by researchers and clinicians to establish gender comparisons of depressive symptoms in the context under consideration here. However, caution is required when interpreting some specific items. Moreover, in health programs for early prevention and intervention, careful attention needs to be paid to males who have shown more vulnerability to the suicidal ideation component of depressive symptoms than females. \textcopyright 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC part of Springer Nature

Child sexual abuse as a risk factor for dating victimization in adolescent girls and young adult women in France

International audienc

Prevalence of Depressive Symptoms and Associated Psychosocial Risk Factors among French University Students: The Moderating and Mediating Effects of Resilience

International audienceUniversity students constitute a higher risk population for mental health problems, especially for depression. Given the lack of literature addressing such issues in France, this study estimated the prevalence rates of depression, its sociodemographic correlates in French university students [FUS], and examined whether resilience resources moderated and mediated the relationship between perceived stress and depressive symptoms. Participants (N = 1435, Mage = 20.5) completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), the Perceived Stress Scale, the Brief Resilience Scale, and a sociodemographic questionnaire. Descriptive, multiple logistic regressions, and mediation analyses were used. With respect to the BDI-II's cutoff scores, 20.3% (95% CI: 18.3 to 22.4%) and 22.8% (95% CI: 20.7 to 25.0%) were positive to moderate and severe depression, respectively. Gender and education attainment appeared to be moderate risk factors when accounting for cumulative effect of perceived stress and resilience. Resilience buffered and partially mediated the perceived stress\textendash depression relationship. In conclusion, the prevalence of depression was higher in FUS, as reported in previous studies. The amount of academic and daily stress explained this prevalence. University students with low resilience level were more at risk. Interventions aiming to improve resilience skills could help to mitigate the negative effects of stress and to promote mental health in this population. \textcopyright 2020, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature

Prolonged grief and depression: A latent class analysis

Recent trends in grief research have been exploring how symptoms of prolonged grief disorder (PGD) and depression co-occur in bereaved individuals using Latent Class Analysis (LCA). However, the PGD criteria have kept undergoing changes and the newest DSM-5 PGD criteria have not been captured in these studies. Also, previous LCA-grief studies have been conducted in Western cultures, focusing more on bereaved adult populations. In this study, we applied LCA on a non-Western sample of bereaved young and middle-aged adults to examine whether the consistently observed 3 latent classes will emerge. We explored if the socio-demographic, loss-related factors, religiousness, spirituality, and continuing bond to the deceased, differentiated the latent classes. We confirmed the 3 latent classes comprising the Resilient class (20.6%), the predominantly PGD class (44.7%), and the combined PGD and Depression class (34.7%). Age, time elapsed since the loss, continuing bond and relationship with the deceased as well as spiritual beliefs were the differential predictors of class membership. This study increases our conceptual and clinical understanding of the predictability of PGD symptomology outcome, according to the newest DSM-5 criteria following bereavement in a non-Western sample. In addition to the continuing bond which was the strongest correlate, attention should be paid to important sociocultural frameworks in grief management

Prolonged grief and depression: A latent class analysis

Recent trends in grief research have been exploring how symptoms of prolonged grief disorder (PGD) and depression co-occur in bereaved individuals using Latent Class Analysis (LCA). However, the PGD criteria have kept undergoing changes and the newest DSM-5 PGD criteria have not been captured in these studies. Also, previous LCA-grief studies have been conducted in Western cultures, focusing more on bereaved adult populations. In this study, we applied LCA on a non-Western sample of bereaved young and middle-aged adults to examine whether the consistently observed 3 latent classes will emerge. We explored if the socio-demographic, loss-related factors, religiousness, spirituality, and continuing bond to the deceased, differentiated the latent classes. We confirmed the 3 latent classes comprising the Resilient class (20.6%), the predominantly PGD class (44.7%), and the combined PGD and Depression class (34.7%). Age, time elapsed since the loss, continuing bond and relationship with the deceased as well as spiritual beliefs were the differential predictors of class membership. This study increases our conceptual and clinical understanding of the predictability of PGD symptomology outcome, according to the newest DSM-5 criteria following bereavement in a non-Western sample. In addition to the continuing bond which was the strongest correlate, attention should be paid to important sociocultural frameworks in grief management

The ICD-11 and DSM-5-TR prolonged grief criteria: Validation of the Traumatic Grief Inventory-Self Report Plus using exploratory factor analysis and item response theory

More recently, the prolonged grief disorder (PGD) has been recognized as a mental health disorder following bereavement, which is distinct from depression and PTSD. However, the number and proposed symptom items vary across the ICD-11 and the DSM-5-TR criteria for PG. The Traumatic Grief Inventory-Self Report Plus (TGI-SR+), which is an updated version of the TGI-SR, is currently the only robust instrument that assesses PG according to the ICD-11 and DSM-5-TR criteria. For research and clinical use among French-speaking countries, the forward-backward procedure was applied to translate the TGI-SR+ into French language. Exploratory factor analysis and parallel analysis converged towards a two-dimensional structure for the TGI-SR+, representing adaptation difficulties and traumatic separation distress. However, items mapping onto ICD-11 and DSM-5-TR criteria for PG represented a one-dimensional structure. Findings based on item response theory method provided strong evidence for discriminative characteristics of the items. The internal reliability was excellent for the TGI-SR+ (McDonald's ω = 0.97) and ICD-11 and DSM-5-TR criteria for PGD (McDonald's ω = 0.95). We also demonstrated a very high temporal stability for the TGI-SR+ total score (ICC =.91, p < 0.0001) and ICD-11 PGD and DSM-5-TR PGD (ICC = 0.90, and ICC = 0.88, ps < 0.0001, respectively). The concurrent validity of the instrument was also demonstrated, such that the TGI-SR+ total score and all combinations were positively and significantly associated with the levels of depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress symptoms. However, the effect sizes were moderate. We conclude that for research and clinical use among French bereaved populations, the TGI-SR+ is a sound tool with very good psychometric properties

The ICD-11 and DSM-5-TR prolonged grief criteria: Validation of the Traumatic Grief Inventory-Self Report Plus using exploratory factor analysis and item response theory

More recently, the prolonged grief disorder (PGD) has been recognized as a mental health disorder following bereavement, which is distinct from depression and PTSD. However, the number and proposed symptom items vary across the ICD-11 and the DSM-5-TR criteria for PG. The Traumatic Grief Inventory-Self Report Plus (TGI-SR+), which is an updated version of the TGI-SR, is currently the only robust instrument that assesses PG according to the ICD-11 and DSM-5-TR criteria. For research and clinical use among French-speaking countries, the forward-backward procedure was applied to translate the TGI-SR+ into French language. Exploratory factor analysis and parallel analysis converged towards a two-dimensional structure for the TGI-SR+, representing adaptation difficulties and traumatic separation distress. However, items mapping onto ICD-11 and DSM-5-TR criteria for PG represented a one-dimensional structure. Findings based on item response theory method provided strong evidence for discriminative characteristics of the items. The internal reliability was excellent for the TGI-SR+ (McDonald's ω = 0.97) and ICD-11 and DSM-5-TR criteria for PGD (McDonald's ω = 0.95). We also demonstrated a very high temporal stability for the TGI-SR+ total score (ICC =.91, p < 0.0001) and ICD-11 PGD and DSM-5-TR PGD (ICC = 0.90, and ICC = 0.88, ps < 0.0001, respectively). The concurrent validity of the instrument was also demonstrated, such that the TGI-SR+ total score and all combinations were positively and significantly associated with the levels of depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress symptoms. However, the effect sizes were moderate. We conclude that for research and clinical use among French bereaved populations, the TGI-SR+ is a sound tool with very good psychometric properties

Prolonged grief and depression: A latent class analysis

Recent trends in grief research have been exploring how symptoms of prolonged grief disorder (PGD) and depression co-occur in bereaved individuals using Latent Class Analysis (LCA). However, the PGD criteria have kept undergoing changes and the newest DSM-5 PGD criteria have not been captured in these studies. Also, previous LCA-grief studies have been conducted in Western cultures, focusing more on bereaved adult populations. In this study, we applied LCA on a non-Western sample of bereaved young and middle-aged adults to examine whether the consistently observed 3 latent classes will emerge. We explored if the socio-demographic, loss-related factors, religiousness, spirituality, and continuing bond to the deceased, differentiated the latent classes. We confirmed the 3 latent classes comprising the Resilient class (20.6%), the predominantly PGD class (44.7%), and the combined PGD and Depression class (34.7%). Age, time elapsed since the loss, continuing bond and relationship with the deceased as well as spiritual beliefs were the differential predictors of class membership. This study increases our conceptual and clinical understanding of the predictability of PGD symptomology outcome, according to the newest DSM-5 criteria following bereavement in a non-Western sample. In addition to the continuing bond which was the strongest correlate, attention should be paid to important sociocultural frameworks in grief management

Frequency and Correlates of Anxiety Symptoms during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Multinational Study

International audienceObjective: Studies have documented the significant direct and indirect psychological, social, and economic consequences of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in many countries but little is known on its impact in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) already facing difficult living conditions and having vulnerable health systems that create anxiety among the affected populations. Using a multinational convenience sample from four LMICs (DR Congo, Haiti, Rwanda, and Togo), this study aims to explore the prevalence of anxiety symptoms and associated risk and protective factors during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A total of 1267 individuals (40.8% of women) completed a questionnaire assessing exposure and stigmatization related to COVID-19, anxiety, and resilience. Analyses were performed to examine the prevalence and predictors of anxiety. Results: Findings showed a pooled prevalence of 24.3% (9.4%, 29.2%, 28.5%, and 16.5% respectively for Togo, Haiti, RDC, and Rwanda, x2 = 32.6, p &lt;.0001). For the pooled data, exposure to COVID-19 (β = 0.06, p =.005), stigmatization related to COVID-19 (β = 0.03, p &lt;.001), and resilience (β = -0.06, p &lt;.001) contributed to the prediction of anxiety scores. Stigmatization related to COVID-19 was significantly associated to anxiety symptoms in all countries (β = 0.02, p &lt;.00; β = 0.05, p =.013; β = 0.03, p =.021; β = 0.04, p &lt;.001, respectively for the RDC, Rwanda, Haiti, and Togo). Conclusions: The findings highlight the need for health education programs in LMICs to decrease stigmatization and the related fears and anxieties, and increase observance of health instructions. Strength-based mental health programs based on cultural and contextual factors need to be developed to reinforce both individual and community resilience and to address the complexities of local eco-systems. \textcopyright 2020 Elsevier Lt