Phonological Priming In Young Children Who Stutter: Holistic Versus Incremental Processing

Purpose: To investigate the holistic versus incremental phonological encoding processes of young children who stutter (CWS; N = 26) and age- and gender-matched children who do not stutter (CWNS; N = 26) via a picture-naming auditory priming paradigm. Method: Children named pictures during 3 auditory priming conditions: neutral, holistic, and incremental. Speech reaction time (SRT) was measured from the onset of picture presentation to the onset of participant response. Results: CWNS shifted from being significantly faster in the holistic priming condition to being significantly faster in the incremental priming condition from 3 to 5 years of age. In contrast, the majority of 3- and 5-year-old CWS continued to exhibit faster SRT in the holistic than the incremental condition. Conclusion: CWS are delayed in making the developmental shift in phonological encoding from holistic to incremental processing, a delay that may contribute to their difficulties establishing fluent speech.Communication Sciences and Disorder

The Effects of Repeated Recycle on Paper Strength

As society stresses the need to recycle to reduce the amount of waste sent to our municipality landfills every year, the effect of secondary fiber on the papers that we produce becomes greater and greater. One of the largest effects that these fibers have is to change the strength properties in the sheets which contain them. Most studies have shown a decrease in the tensile strength of paper as fibers pass repeatedly through a series of recycle. The reason of this tendency is believed to be a loss of bonding potential between fibers as they become shorter and stiffer through a process known as irreversible hornification. Four grades were chosen to observe the effects upon sheet strength when passed through a series of five recycles. The grades covered a range of softwood to hardwood ratios, of filler content, and of degree of refining in the initial sheet. In all cases, tensile strength was shown to increase over the first three to four recycles before beginning to decrease with further recycle. Tests indicate that the leaching of filler from these relatively highly filled sheets was the main reason for these unusual, but not unprecedented results. As the filler is removed from the sheet, more bonding sites between fibers become available. This allows for higher strength within the sheet until this effect becomes increasingly offset by the hornification of the fibers, at which point strength begins to deteriorate. The hypothesis of filler loss is strengthened by general decreases in brightness and opacity through successive stages of recycle. As these fillers are used expressly to enhance these sheet properties in these grades, it is apparent that they are being removed during the sheet formation process. Tear strength was shown to decrease through the course of this investigation, a result which is consistent with a rise in tensile strength. Fiber length analysis and ash testing of sample testing of sample sheets would further aid in evaluation as to the extent to which fiber shortening and the loss of filler affect the strength properties of sheets made from repeatedly recycled fibers

Beer Tourists: Who Are They?

Craft beer as an industry has been growing rapidly across the United States over the past decade. This growth and interest has created an emerging niche market in tourism, beer tourism. The purpose of this study is to expand on the knowledge of who a beer tourist is based on demographics, psychographics, and motivational factors. Also, this paper explored if this miconiche could be further divided into more specific segments. Results from the study show that the main motivation for beer tourists to visit a brewery is related to experiencing/ tasting new beers and learning more about the beer, brewery, or industry. It was also found that visitor’s whose main travel purpose was to visit the brewery were statistically significantly different on 5 motivational items than those visitors who had an alternative main purpose to their visit

How to Have Impossible Conversations: A Practical Review

Boghossian, Peter & James Lindsay. How to Have Impossible Conversations: A Very Practical Guide. NY: Lifelong Books, 2019. Kindle. 234 pp. $16.9

Expanding the Conversation on Adult Learning Theories: Theorizing African American Women’s Learning and Development in Predominantly White Organizations

This study is a qualitative, interpretative examination of nine African American women’s (AAW’s) experiences while working in a leadership position at a predominantly White organization and the learning experiences that emerged from these encounters. Black feminist theory (BFT) is used as a sociocultural framework to explain how the participants learned from these experiences. Three main learning themes emerged: learning from influential sources, learning through divine guidance, and learning through affirmation of self. We posit that sociocultural theories derived from AAW’s ways of knowing is necessary to move the field of adult education toward more inclusive ways of theorizing learning

Differences Between Tourism Professionals’ Value of Sustainable Tourism

This paper is an exploratory investigation to access the value a stakeholder group places on the different dimensions of sustainable tourism. Most definitions of sustainable tourism include three dimensions: economic, social and environmental. This study used on an online survey to determine if members of the Southeast Tourism Society understood that sustainable tourism included all three dimensions, and if they valued those three dimensions differently. Results and conclusions will be presented at the conference

Lytic switch protein (ORF50) response element in the Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus K8 promoter is located within but does not require a palindromic structure

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated virus (KSHV) ORF50 protein induces lytic replication and activates the K8 promoter. We show that ORF50-induced and tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate (TPA) induced K8 transcripts initiated from the same start site. A newly identified palindrome (PAL2), containing a 12-bp response region required for ORF50-induced activation in lymphoid cells, was identified in the K8 promoter. Specific DNA binding of bacterially expressed ORF50 was not seen with the K8 promoter despite specific binding to the PAN promoter. The new palindrome shared homology with a previously described ORF50 response element (50RE(K8) and 50RE(57)). We demonstrate that the new 50RE(K8) (50RE(K8-PAL2)) is not the palindrome per se. Instead, the response element is buried within the right arm of the palindrome. We propose that the complexity of the K8 response elements reflects the complexity of mechanisms used by ORF50 during viral reactivation

On the Information Content of Calls of Convertible Securities

Negative stock price reactions to conversion-forcing calls of convertible bonds and preferred stocks are reexamined, and most of the sample firms are shown to exhibit full price recovery by the end of the conversion period. In addition, analysts\u27 earnings forecasts, both short-term and long-term, are found to be revised upward following call announcements for convertible bonds and preferred stocks. The combined findings cast doubt on the established belief that such capital structure decisions signal negative information about firm value