Higher-order Laguerre-Gauss mode generation and interferometry for gravitational wave detectors

We report on the first experimental demonstration of higher-order Laguerre-Gauss (LGpl) mode generation and interferometry using a method scalable to the requirements of gravitational wave (GW) detection. GW detectors which use higher-order LGpl modes will be less susceptible to mirror thermal noise, which is expected to limit the sensitivity of all currently planned terrestrial detectors. We used a diffractive optic and a mode-cleaner cavity to convert a fundamental LG00 Gaussian beam into an LG33 mode with a purity of 98%. The ratio between the power of the LG00 mode of our laser and the power of the LG33 transmitted by the cavity was 36%. By measuring the transmission of our setup using the LG00, we inferred that the conversion efficiency specific to the LG33 mode was 49%. We illuminated a Michelson interferometer with the LG33 beam and achieved a visibility of 97%.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figure

Transductive data-selection algorithms for fine-tuning neural machine translation

Machine Translation models are trained to translate a variety of documents from one language into another. However, models specifically trained for a particular characteristics of the documents tend to perform better. Fine-tuning is a technique for adapting an NMT model to some domain. In this work, we want to use this technique to adapt the model to a given test set. In particular, we are using transductive data selection algorithms which take advantage the information of the test set to retrieve sentences from a larger parallel set

L'aspect social de la défaillance d'entreprise en droit français

La sauvegarde des intérêts des salariés dans les entreprises en difficulté apparaît aujourd'hui primordiale en droit français. La Loi du 1er mars 1984 sur la prévention et le règlement amiable des difficultés des entreprises et surtout celle du 25 janvier 1985 relative au redressement et à la liquidation judiciaire des entreprises ont nettement amélioré le sort des salariés. Désormais ces derniers ne sont plus uniquement pris en considération à titre de créanciers ; ils sont également envisagés en tant que titulaires d'emplois. La sauvegarde de l'emploi apparaît comme un objectif essentiel. À cet effet, un rôle important est accordé aux représentants élus du personnel, qui doivent non seulement être informés mais encore être associés aux procédures afin de pouvoir faire valoir leur point de vue face aux organes de décision. De même, la Loi n'a voulu permettre que les licenciements inévitables. Elle limite ainsi le droit de licenciement en le soumettant à une autorisation judiciaire préalable. La sauvegarde des créances des salariés n'est pas pour autant oubliée. Les textes récents renforcent la situation des salariés. D'une part, ils s'efforcent de régler le problème de la détermination des créances avec la nomination d'un représentant des salariés à côté du représentant des créanciers. D'autre part, ils entendent assurer plus facilement le paiement des créances salariales en simplifiant les formalités et en étendant le champ d'application de l'assurance qui avait été instituée en 1973 contre le risque de non paiement des salaires.The preservation of salaried worker's interest in failing businesses appears today to be a primary concern in French law. The Act promulgated on March 1, 1984 respecting the prevention and private settlement of business difficulties and especially the Act promulgated on January 25 relating to the recovery and winding-up of businesses have done much to improve the lot of salaried workers. From now on, they are not merely considered as claimants, but also as being entitled to employment. The preservation of employment appears to be an essential objective. In this respect, an important part is given to the elected representatives of the personnel who must not only be kept informed, but must be associated with proceedings so as to remain capable of bringing their point of view to bear upon decision-making instances. Likewise, the law did not seek to allow inevitable layoffs. Thus, it limits the right to lay workers off by submitting it to prior judicial authorization. The preservation of salaried worker's claims has not been forgotten. Recent provisions reinforce the salaried worker's position. On the one hand, they attempt to settle the problem of the determination of claims with the appointment of a representative of salaried workers along with the claimants' representative. On the other, they intend on making the payment of salarial claims easier by simplifying formalities and by extending the score of the insurance that was implemented in 1973 against the risk of non-payment of salaries

Formalization of Structural Constraints of Relationships in Model „Entity-Relationship”

The basic conceptions of the model „entity-relationship” as entities, relationships, structural constraints of the relationships (index cardinality, participation degree, and structural constraints of kind (min, max)) are considered and formalized in terms of relations theory. For the binary relations two operators (min and max) are introduced; structural constraints are determined in terms of the operators; the main theorem about compatibility of these operators’ values on the source relation and inversion to it is given here

Combining SMT and NMT back-translated data for efficient NMT

Neural Machine Translation (NMT) models achieve their best performance when large sets of parallel data are used for training. Consequently, techniques for augmenting the training set have become popular recently. One of these methods is back-translation (Sennrich et al., 2016), which consists on generating synthetic sentences by translating a set of monolingual, target-language sentences using a Machine Translation (MT) model. Generally, NMT models are used for back-translation. In this work, we analyze the performance of models when the training data is extended with synthetic data using different MT approaches. In particular we investigate back-translated data generated not only by NMT but also by Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) models and combinations of both. The results reveal that the models achieve the best performances when the training set is augmented with back-translated data created by merging different MT approaches

SOME PROPERTIES OF THE LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE AGENT OF MICE

The lactic dehydrogenase agent was obtained in quantities sufficient for purification studies by growing the virus in Ehrlich ascites tumor-bearing mice. A rapid method of titration of the agent is described. Subsequent to the standard procedure of concentration of virus by treatment with hyaluronidase and centrifugation, lipids were removed by extraction with PE, without major loss of infectivity. Electron microscopic sections of purified preparations contained particles consisting of a dense inner ring of about 25 mµ and a less dense ring extending to about 50 mµ. The particles occur frequently in single-membraned vesicles of varying size, and occasionally in large double-membraned bodies. The purified LDH agent did not stimulate the formation of neutralizing antibodies in rabbits and guinea pigs. The crude LDH agent was found to be a low interferon producer. Increased interferon, produced by secondary inoculation with Newcastle disease virus temporarily decreased the titer of the LDH agent. The results of others regarding the nature and the size of the LDH agent are interpreted in regard to the findings presented, and the role of interferon in permanently LDH agent infected mice is discussed

STUDIES ON THE IN VIVO AND IN VITRO MULTIPLICATION OF THE LDH VIRUS OF MICE

In vivo analysis of the virus titer in various loci, 24 hr after infection, showed that a titer similar to that in the blood plasma was found in the ascitic fluid of Erlich ascites cancer-bearing mice, and in lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus, i.e. loci which contain macrophages as a common cell type. However, only in the lymph nodes and in the ascitic fluid did the increase in virus titer precede or parallel the increase in the plasma. The LDH virus titer in the plasma of X-irradiated mice was similar to that of control mice, eliminating radiation-sensitive cells but not macrophages as target cells of the virus. Electron microscopic observation of infected lymph node cells revealed the presence of two types of particles: one consisting of small densely stained annuli, about 25 mµ in diameter and one of similar dense annuli with a halo extending the diameter to about 50 mµ. Such particles were repeatedly observed within single or double membraned vesicles. In vitro, the LDH virus multiplied only in cultures of mouse peritoneal macrophages, maintained in medium 199 with 10% FBS. The virus titer could be maintained for at least 33 days, during eleven serial passages, involving an overall dilution factor of 1011. These results corroborate the findings of Evans and Salaman, who used peritoneal macrophages maintained in Eagle's medium and 5 to 10% lamb serum. However, in the serial passage experiments reported here, the virus titer could only be maintained following trypsinization of each successive inoculum. The role of macrophages as the target cell for LDH virus multiplication in vivo is discussed

Adaptation of machine translation models with back-translated data using transductive data selection methods

Data selection has proven its merit for improving Neural Machine Translation (NMT), when applied to authentic data. But the benefit of using synthetic data in NMT training, produced by the popular back-translation technique, raises the question if data selection could also be useful for synthetic data? In this work we use Infrequent n-gram Recovery (INR) and Feature Decay Algorithms (FDA), two transductive data selection methods to obtain subsets of sentences from synthetic data. These methods ensure that selected sentences share n-grams with the test set so the NMT model can be adapted to translate it. Performing data selection on back-translated data creates new challenges as the source-side may contain noise originated by the model used in the back-translation. Hence, finding ngrams present in the test set become more difficult. Despite that, in our work we show that adapting a model with a selection of synthetic data is an useful approach