Discourses of Tolerance and Intolerance at the Four Years' Sejm (1788-1792)

The reforms passed by the Polish Revolution, or Great Sejm (parliament) of 1788–1792, are sometimes viewed as the culmination of the delayed confessionalization of the Commonwealth, but on the other hand as an important stage in the process of its deconfessionalization. The content of the first article of the Constitution of 3 May 1791, “The dominant Religion,” is well known. This includes its provisions regarding the rights of the heterodox to free worship, but also regarding the maintenance of the prohibition on conversion from Catholicism to other confessions. The problem of the drafting and editing of this text was researched by Emanuel Rostworowski. However, the Four Years’ Sejm dealt with confessional questions in various contexts, not only the new Constitution. Such problems were raised, for example, during the panic about “rebellions” in Ruthenia in the spring of 1789, in the question of establishing a domestic Orthodox hierarchy in May 1792, in the course of debates on the urban reform in April 1791, and during discussions of the Cardinal Laws in August and September 1790. They were also connected with the question of the status of Jews. Discussions in the parliamentary forum were accompanied by polemics among pamphleteers. The clashes over the exact rights and privileges belonging to the heterodox yield both characteristic discursive forms and different concepts of tolerance or toleration, based on different axioms. Sometimes historical arguments were used to justify particular solutions. The aim of the paper is to sketch the boundaries of acceptable and unacceptable discourse on religious tolerance and intolerance during the Great Sejm and to indicate changes in attitudes that took place at this time

Zakusy biskupów litewskich na biskupstwo krakowskie pod koniec XVIII wieku [The Attempts of Lithuanian Bishops to Gain the Bishopric of Kraków towards the End of the Eighteenth Century]

Cardinal Jerzy Radziwiłł was the only bishop of Vilnius (Wilno) to become bishop of Cracow. From the start of the seventeenth century, only citizens of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania held the bishopric of Vilnius and none were translated to other sees. Radziwiłł, however, was not the last Lithuanian bishop to seek the bishopric of Cracow, which was the most lucrative in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and one of the wealthiest in early modern Europe. The article reveals several attempts made behind the scenes by Ignacy Jakub Massalski, bishop of Vilnius between 1762 and 1794, and Józef Kazimierz Kossakowski, bishop of Livonia between 1781 and 1794, who became Massalski’s coadjutor in Vilnius in 1792, to obtain the see of Cracow and to draw on its revenues. Their lobbying involved the Russian ambassador Otto von Stackelberg, King Stanisław August and his brother Michał Jerzy Poniatowski, as complex plans of multiple episcopal translations were drafted and contested by interested parties. The ambitions and unpopularity of Massalski, Kossakowski and Poniatowski, who retained the administration of the diocese of Cracow after his elevation to the archbishopric of Gniezno and primacy of Poland in 1785, all contributed to the controversial decision by the Four Years’ Sejm to secularize the estates of the bishopric of Cracow and embark on a wider rationalization of episcopal boundaries, responsibilities and revenues. In 1793 Kossakowski gained control of the secularized properties of the bishopric of Cracow under the counter-revolutionary confederate regime, only to be deprived of them by the sejm later that year. Both Massalski and Kossakowski were hanged for treason during the Insurrection of 1794. However, a full assessment of them should acknowledge the efforts of the former to bring the light of faith and reason to the flock of his huge diocese, and the talents of the latter, which he also employed on behalf of enserfed peasants

Die Verfassung vom 3. Mai 1791 Das Vermächtnis des Polnisch-Litaunischen Unionsstaats

Unter welchen Umständen wurde die erste Verfassung Europas vom 3. Mai 1791 verabschiedet? Welche Bedeutung hatte Sie für die Bewohner der Rzeczpospolita sowohl am Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts als auch für spätere Generationen? Was symboilisiert die Verfassung vom 3. Mai und warum ist sie bis heute ein zentrales Element polnischer Identität? Prof. Richard Butterwick geht diesen und weiteren Fragen in seinem Werk nach. Der Autor betrachtet die Verfassung aus Sicht eines britischen Wissenschaftlers und präsentiert diese komplexen Zusammenhänge übersichtlich und für internationale Leser verständlich. Die Publikation erschien anlässlich des 230. Jahrestages der Verabschiedung der Verfassung vom 3. Mai und und enthält eine Neuedition der ersten deutschen Übersetzungen der Verfassung vom 3. Mai 1791 sowie eine editorische Einführung von Prof. Igor Kąkolewski und Prof. Jacek Wijaczka. Das Buch erscheint in der Publikationsreihe „Quellen und Darstellungen zur deutsch-polnischen Beziehungsgeschichte in der Frühen Neuzeit und im 19. Jahrhundert“ des Zentrums für Historische Forschung Berlin der Polnischen Akademie der Wissenschaften und des Museums der Geschichte Polens in Warschau. Es wurde von Gisela Tantsch aus dem Englischen übertragen

Postawa polityczna prymasa Michała Jerzego Poniatowskiego w latach 1789–1792

Autor w swoim artykule analizuje wnioski, jakie prymas Michał Jerzy Poniatowski wyciągnął z obserwacji Francji i Anglii, w kontekście jego zaangażowania w politykę Sejmu Czteroletniego w okresie od jesieni 1791 do wiosny 1792 r., a konkretnie Badacz zajmuje się jego stanowiskiem wobec Konstytucji 3 maja, licytacji królewszczyzn i cenzury duchownej oraz nad jego stosunkami z posłem francuskim

Growth standard charts for monitoring bodyweight in dogs of different sizes

Limited information is available on what constitutes optimal growth in dogs. The primary aim of this study was to develop evidence-based growth standards for dogs, using retrospective analysis of bodyweight and age data from >6 million young dogs attending a large corporate network of primary care veterinary hospitals across the USA. Electronic medical records were used to generate bodyweight data from immature client-owned dogs, that were healthy and had remained in ideal body condition throughout the first 3 years of life. Growth centile curves were constructed using Generalised Additive Models for Location, Shape and Scale. Curves were displayed graphically as centile charts covering the age range 12 weeks to 2 years. Over 100 growth charts were modelled, specific to different combinations of breed, sex and neuter status. Neutering before 37 weeks was associated with a slight upward shift in growth trajectory, whilst neutering after 37 weeks was associated with a slight downward shift in growth trajectory. However, these shifts were small in comparison to inter-individual variability amongst dogs, suggesting that separate curves for neutered dogs were not needed. Five bodyweight categories were created to cover breeds up to 40kg, using both visual assessment and hierarchical cluster analysis of breed-specific growth curves. For 20/24 of the individual breed centile curves, agreement with curves for the corresponding bodyweight categories was good. For the remaining 4 breed curves, occasional deviation across centile lines was observed, but overall agreement was acceptable. This suggested that growth could be described using size categories rather than requiring curves for specific breeds. In the current study, a series of evidence-based growth standards have been developed to facilitate charting of bodyweight in healthy dogs. Additional studies are required to validate these standards and create a clinical tool for growth monitoring in pet dogs

Effects of the long-term feeding of diets enriched with inorganic phosphorus on the adult feline kidney and phosphorus metabolism

Renal disease has a high incidence in cats, and some evidence implicates dietary P as well. To investigate this further, two studies in healthy adult cats were conducted. Study 1 (36 weeks) included forty-eight cats, stratified to control or test diets providing 1·2 or 4·8 g/1000 kcal (4184 kJ) P (0 or approximately 3·6 g/1000 kcal (4184 kJ) inorganic P, Ca:P 1·2, 0·6). Study 2 (29 weeks) included fifty cats, stratified to control or test diets, providing 1·3 or 3·6 g/1000 kcal (4184 kJ) P (0 or approximately 1·5 g/1000 kcal (4184 kJ) inorganic P, Ca:P 1·2, 0·9). Health markers, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and mineral balance were measured regularly, with abdominal ultrasound. Study 1 was halted after 4 weeks as the test group GFR reduced by 0·4 (95 % CI 0·3, 0·5) ml/min per kg, and ultrasound revealed changes in renal echogenicity. In study 2, at week 28, no change in mean GFR was observed (P >0·05); however, altered renal echogenicity was detected in 36 % of test cats. In agreement with previous studies, feeding a diet with Ca:P <1·0, a high total and inorganic P inclusion resulted in loss of renal function and changes in echogenicity suggestive of renal pathology. Feeding a diet containing lower total and inorganic P with Ca:P close to 1·0 led to more subtle structural changes in a third of test cats; however, nephrolithiasis occurred in both diet groups, complicating data interpretation. We conclude that the no observed adverse effects level for total dietary P in adult cats is lower than 3·6 g/1000 kcal (4184 kJ), however the effect of inorganic P sources and Ca:P require further investigation