Apropos the 1968 Soviet Maritime Code

This introduction provides essential background information about the Code and the reasons for its adoption, in addition to salient features of the Code of special interest to foreigners. The Code consists of 309 articles classified into nineteen chapters. This discussion follows the ordering of the code itself

Metacarpophalangeal pattern profile analysis in Robinow syndrome

We analyzed the metacarpophalangeal pattern profile (MCPP) on 15 individuals with Robinow syndrome and calculated a mean Robinow syndrome profile. Correlation studies confirm clinical homogeneity of the hand profile in the Robinow syndrome. Discriminant analysis of individuals with Robinow syndrome compared with a sample of normal individuals produces a function of 6 MCPP variable that may provide a useful tool for diagnosis

Limitations of Poole–Frenkel Conduction in Bilayer HfO\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3e/SiO\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3e MOS Devices

The gate leakage current of metal–oxide– semiconductors (MOSs) composed of hafnium oxide (HfO2) exhibits temperature dependence, which is usually attributed to the standard Poole–Frenkel (P–F) transport model. However, the reported magnitudes of the trap barrier height vary significantly. This paper explores the fundamental challenges associated with applying the P–F model to describe transport in HfO2/SiO2 bilayers in n/p MOS field-effect transistors composed of 3- and 5-nm HfO2 on 1.1-nm SiO2 dielectric stacks. The extracted P–F trap barrier height is shown to be dependent on several variables including the following: the temperature range, method of calculating the electric field, electric-field range considered, and HfO2 thickness. P–F conduction provides a consistent description of the gate leakage current only within a limited range of the current values while failing to explain the temperature dependence of the 3-nm HfO2 stacks for gate voltages of less than 1 V, leaving other possible temperature-dependent mechanisms to be explored

Temperature (5.6-300K) Dependence Comparison of Carrier Transport Mechanisms in HfO2/SiO2 and SiO2 MOS Gate Stacks

Temperature dependent measurements have been used to examine transport mechanisms and energy band structure in MOS devices. In this study, a comparison between high-k HfO2 dielectrics and conventional SiO2 dielectrics is made to investigate dielectric specific thermally activated mechanisms. Temperature dependent measurements on large area n/pMOSFETs composed of SiO2 and HfO2/SiO2 gate dielectrics were performed from 5.6 K to 300 K. A large increase in the gate leakage current is observed at the formation of the minority carrier channel. The data indicate that gate leakage current prior to the formation of the minority channel is carrier rate limited while gate leakage current is tunneling rate limited above the threshold voltage. Gate leakage current measurements show two distinct Arrhenius transport regimes for both SiO2 and HfO2 gate dielectrics. The Arrhenius behavior of the gate leakage current is characterized by a strong temperature dependent regime and a weak temperature dependent regime. The activation energy of the strong temperature regime is found to vary with the applied gate voltage. Frenkel-Poole or other electric field models are able to explain the gate voltage dependence of the gate leakage current for the low-temperature/voltage regime investigated. The data suggest that the variation of the activation energy for the Arrhenius behavior is weakly electric-field driven and strongly voltage, or Fermi energy level, driven

Tropospheric ozone and aerosol variability observed at high latitudes with an airborne lidar

Large-scale summertime (July-August) distributions of O3 and aerosols were observed in a broad range of atmosphere conditions over the tundra, ice, and ocean regions near Alaska in 1988 and over the lowlands and boreal forests of Canada in 1990. The tropospheric O3 budget in the high-latitude regions was found to be strongly influenced by stratospheric intrusions, and deposition at the surface was found to be the main sink for O3 in the troposphere. Enhanced levels of O3 were observed in plumes from fires in Alaska and Canada. This paper discusses the large-scale variability of O3 and aerosols observed in the high-latitude regions during these field experiments

Observation of pollution plume capping by a tropopause fold

Airborne lidar measurements reveal a case in which a layer of high-ozone air extruding from a tropopause fold appears to cap a pollution plume and force it to spread out in the lower troposphere. The morphology of the high-ozone layer resembles a three-dimensional model of tropopause fold evolution that produces a low-altitude potential vorticity tube. This is a mechanism that can complete the irreversible transfer of air from the stratosphere, and can also affect pollution levels at the surface if the capping layer reaches the top of the boundary layer.United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Grant NAG1-2306

Lidar measurements of ozone and aerosol distributions during the 1992 airborne Arctic stratospheric expedition

The NASA Langley airborne differential absorption lidar system was operated from the NASA Ames DC-8 aircraft during the 1992 Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Expedition to investigate the distribution of stratospheric aerosols and ozone (O3) across the Arctic vortex from January to March 1992. Aerosols from the Mt. Pinatubo eruption were found outside and inside the Arctic vortex with distinctly different scattering characteristics and spatial distributions in the two regions. The aerosol and O3 distributions clearly identified the edge of the vortex and provided additional information on vortex dynamics and transport processes. Few polar stratospheric clouds were observed during the AASE-2; however, those that were found had enhanced scattering and depolarization over the background Pinatubo aerosols. The distribution of aerosols inside the vortex exhibited relatively minor changes during the AASE-2. Ozone depletion inside the vortex as limited to less than or equal to 20 percent in the altitude region from 15-20 km