The ode as a genre in the Latin poetry of Jan Kochanowski (Lyricorum libellus)

The aim of this study is to establish the place of Jan Kochanowski’s Lyricorum libellus (1580) in the history of Polish Renaissance neo-Latin ode presented against a wider European background. Th e development of this genre in this historico-literary period in Poland has received only fragmentary reporting, e.g. in relation to Horatianism in literature or as a background for the vernacular ode. Yet, as Carol Maddison argues in her Apollo and the Nine, the Neo-Latin ode is, in a sense, a new genre revived and newly "devised" by Renaissance humanists. In her fundamental work, Maddison also presents the development of the ode and its variations in Italy and France. According to ancient patterns used by poets, Horatian odes (including Kochanowski’s odes) can be divided into the "Pindaric" and the "Anacreontic-Sapphic". Th is division coincides to some extent with the classifi cation of odes as "political" or "private". Similar categorisation criteria adopted by various researchers (Zofi a Głombiowska, Jacqueline Glomski, Józef Budzyński) may result in individual odes being assigned to several diff erent categories. The first part of this paper, therefore, emphasises the identity of the NeoLatin ode and its status as a new genre strongly related to Renaissance Humanism. In the second part, the author attempts to assign particular poems from Lyricorum libellus to patterns indicated by Maddison, and deals with previous attempts at classifi cation based on diff erentiating between political and private odes. She also underlines that Kochanowski frequently imitated both pindaric and anacreontic patterns through Horace. In the third part, the author analyses the strophic organisation of individual odes and their metre as well as their rhetorical structure. The odes are here classified with regard to these criteria and interpreted in accordance with their historical context. The author pays close attention to the genre’s borderline between ode and hymn, stylistic “nobilitation” of lyrical poems and t he outright Horationism of the collection. Lastly, she pres ents conclusions concerning the role of Lyricorum libellus in the development of the ode. Before Kochanowski, a signifi cant role in the evolution of the genre was played by the so-called "university ode", which was popular in Silesian and German poetic circles, as well as in odes by Paweł z Krosna. Kochanowski’s odes, however, bear little resemblance to this stage of the development of the genre in Poland. Imitating Horace in the spirit of such poets as Michael Marullus or Giovanni Pontano, Kochanowski demonstrates a mature awareness of the neo-Latin ode, formed at the meeting point of ode and hymn and constituting an element of a cycle organised in accordance with a certain idea

Encouraging clinicians to work effectively with people with medically unexplained symptoms - is a change in underlying attitudes required?

Medically unexplained symptoms are defined as physical symptoms for which there is no clear diagnosis of organic pathology, including after relevant investigations. Several other terms are also used to describe such symptoms and will be briefly described, although none is ideal. The present paper summarizes the current research, illustrating how patients consulting clinicians in both primary and secondary care often present with symptoms which, while undoubtedly distressing for the patient, do not link with any clear organic pathology. This raises difficult issues for clinicians in terms of how much they should investigate and how to manage the patient’s problems in a way which will be helpful and mean they will feel their symptoms have been appropriately recognised and addressed. Failure to do this can lead to many negative consequences, including a breakdown in trust between patients and clinicians, over-investigation or inappropriate treatments, a loss of normal function for the patient and significant costs to the health service and economy. Despite this, the evidence is that doctors receive very little if any training about how to manage such symptoms at either the undergraduate or postgraduate level. This paper will focus on the attitudes of both junior and more senior doctors across a range of specialities to working with people with unexplained symptoms and how these may affect their management. The implications for clinical practice and recommendations for future training will be discussed and in particular the need to consider the psychosocial as well as the biomedical aspects of patients’ presentations from the outset

Jan Kochanowski’s Psalter : a source of Polish poetry and mirror of the human mind

The article deals with Jan Kochanowski’s Psałterz Dawidów [David’s Psalter], published in 1579. This paraphrase of the biblical Psalter, intensely lyrical in its spirit, was inspired by George Buchanan’s Latin poetic paraphrase of the Psalms, which is strongly Horatianising. Kochanowski’s work can be seen as a presentation of humanist piety. That is to say that the borders between secular and sacred spaces, or even between Judeo-Christian and Pagan traditions, may seem blurred. The Psalter is also interconfessional (or “doctrinally neutral”) and acts as a universal mirror reflecting the human mind. The author analyses three of Kochanowski’s Psalms to demonstrate the intellectual and emotional space of his Psalter and its polyphonic structure: 1 (Beatus vir qui non abiit in consilio impiorum), 19 (Caeli enarrant gloriam Dei) and 91 (Qui habitat in adiutorio Altissimi), displaying some interplays of ideas and different approaches to paraphrasing applied by the poet

Performance analysis of languages working on Java Virtual Machine based on Java, Scala and Kotlin

This article presents the results of a literature study related to the construction and operation of Java Virtual Machine, as well as performance tests of selected languages using the aforementioned runtime environment on the example of Java, Scala and Kotlin. Performance testing was carried out using two applications built using the Apache Maven archetype with the built-in Java Microbenchmark Harness library

Supporting people with depression and anxiety: a guide for practice nurses

This guide has been devleoped for GP practice nurses following a three year research study called ProCEED (Proactive care and its evaluation for enduring depression), conducted by Dr Marta Buszewicz and a research team at University College London

Horatian imitation in Jan Kochanowski’s Latin poetry

The aim of this study is to show how Kochanowski imitated Horace in various ways and at different levels of his poetry. As to this moment, the matter has been discussed, mainly in regard to the Lyricorum libellus, by Zofia Głombiowska and Józef Budzyński. In this paper, the author briefl y summarises their statements and comments upon them expressing her own view. She also mentions some other publications dealing with the Horatianism of the Polish poet to a lesser degree. The text is divided into four sections. In the first one, the author makes a brief comparison between Kochanowski and Petrarca in the context of their mental kinship with Horace that resulted in poetry which is "Horatian" not only in terms of the verba but also some ideas. The second section is devoted to the Horatianism of Kochanowski’s collection of odes (Lyricorum libellus). The author begins with a brief summary of the previously mentioned scholars’ views. She also demonstrates that some of these views may oversimplify the question of Horatian imitation in case of at least several of Kochanowski’s poems. To illustrate this, she presents an analysis of ode XI (In equum) in the context of its Horatian models; the conclusion is that in this poem, as well as in the entire collection, Kochanowski imitates Horace in a sophisticated and polyphonic way.The third part of the text, after a brief mention of the "loci Horatiani' in Kochanowski’s elegies, shows the interplay of ideas between Horatian poetry and Kochanowski’s Elegy III 1. The author puts emphasis on the fact that Kochanowski adapted some of the elegiac themes to the Horatian rhetoric. Concluding her disquisition, the author argues that Kochanowski’s Horatian imitation is neither superficial nor confined to the imitation verborum, but reaches deep in the structures of Horace’s poetry

Recent trends in the incidence of anxiety diagnoses and symptoms in primary care.

Anxiety is common, with significant morbidity, but little is known about presentations and recording of anxiety diagnoses and symptoms in primary care. This study aimed to determine trends in incidence and socio-demographic variation in General Practitioner (GP) recorded diagnoses of anxiety, mixed anxiety/depression, panic and anxiety symptoms

Facilitating access to voluntary and community services for patients with psychosocial problems: a before-after evaluation

Background: Patients with psychosocial problems may benefit from a variety of community, educational, recreational and voluntary sector resources, but GPs often under-refer to these through lack of knowledge and time. This study evaluated the acceptability and effectiveness of graduate primary care mental health workers (GPCMHWs) facilitating access to voluntary and community sector services for patients with psychosocial problems. Methods: Patients with psychosocial problems from 13 general practices in London were referred to a GPCMHW Community Link scheme providing information and support to access voluntary and community resources. Patient satisfaction, mental health and social outcomes, and use of primary care resources, were evaluated. Results: 108 patients consented to take part in the study. At three-month follow-up, 63 (58%) had made contact with a community service identified as suitable for their needs. Most were satisfied with the help provided by the GPCMHW in identifying and supporting access to a suitable service. There was a reduction in the number of patients with a probable mental health problem on the GHQ-12 from 83% to 52% (difference 31% (95% CI, 17% – 44%). Social adjustment improved and frequencies of primary care consultations and of prescription of psychotropic medications were reduced. Conclusion: Graduates with limited training in mental health and no prior knowledge of local community resources can help patients with psychosocial problems access voluntary and community services, and patients value such a scheme. There was some evidence of effectiveness in reducing psychosocial and mental health problems

How do hospital doctors manage patients with medically unexplained symptoms: a qualitative study of physicians

OBJECTIVE: Medically unexplained symptoms are a common presentation in medical practice and are associated with significant morbidity and high levels of service use. Most research exploring the attitudes and training of doctors in treating patients with unexplained symptoms has been conducted in primary care. This study aims to explore the ways in which doctors working in secondary care approach and manage patients with medically unexplained symptoms. DESIGN: A qualitative study using in-depth interviews and thematic analysis. SETTING: Three hospitals in the North Thames area. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty consultant and training-grade physicians working in cardiology, gastroenterology, rheumatology and neurology. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Physicians' approach to patients with medically unexplained symptoms and their views on managing these patients. RESULTS: There was considerable variation in how the physicians approached patients who presented with medically unexplained symptoms. Investigations were often ordered without a clear rationale and the explanations given to patients when results of investigations were normal were highly variable, both within and across specialties. The doctor's level of experience appeared to be a more important factor in their investigation and management strategies than their medical specialty. Physicians reported little or no formal training in how to manage such presentations, with no apparent consistency in how they had developed their approach. Doctors described learning from their own experience and from senior role models. Organisational barriers were identified to the effective management of these patients, particularly in terms of continuity of care. CONCLUSIONS: Given the importance of this topic, there is a need for serious consideration as to how the management of patients with medically unexplained symptoms is included in medical training and in the planning and delivery of services