The Business Model Canvas

Painel do The Business Model generationThe Business Model Canva

Determinanty zatrudnienia nierejestrowanego w Polsce w okresach wysokiej i niskiej koniunktury

The article examines changes in the determinants of unregistered employment in Poland during periods of high and low economic growth. Using Labor Force Survey data and probit models, the authors analyze the structure and determinants of unregistered employment in 2003 and 2008. In 2003 unemployment ran high, while in 2008 joblessness was relatively low and accompanied by high wage pressure. The authors look at two groups of workers in the context of unregistered employment: those officially unemployed and those officially employed but seeking to supplement their incomes by taking up jobs in the unregistered segment of the economy. After analyzing changes in basic demographic and socioeconomic variables, Cichocki and Tyrowicz conclude that unemployed individuals tend to take up jobs in the unregistered segment of the economy both when the labor market suffers from high unemployment and when wage pressure rises. Generally, the bargaining position of employees with regard to employers improved when the labor market revived and when the unregistered segment of the economy shrank in terms of both individual sectors and qualifications. Young unemployed people find it relatively easier to get informal work, the authors conclude, while no specific factors force young employees to look for jobs in the shadow economy. Theoretically, the tax-evading, unregistered segment of the economy could be expected to display pro-cyclical changes, the authors say, shrinking in times of fast economic growth and expanding in periods of poor macroeconomic trends. But in reality the shadow economy provides a considerable measure of flexibility to employers, as a result of which unregistered employment tends to display countercyclical behavior, according to Cichocki and Tyrowicz

Official Commentary to the Revised Oregon Nonprofit Corporation Act

xxv, 216 p.This issue of the Oregon Law Review is a special, standalone issue of OLR, publishing the official commentary to the Revised Oregon Nonprofit Corporation Act. In December of 1991, the Oregon Law Review agreed to publish the Official Commentary to the Revised Oregon Nonprofit Corporation Act. At this time, the commentary required some minor editing. The Oregon legislature had made several changes to the bill that the Task Force submitted, rendering certain commentary superfluous or incorrect. Moreover, the Task Force created additional commentary in 1991 to accompany 1991 revisions to Oregon Revised Statutes Chapter 65. Consequently, the primary function of the Oregon Law Review was to update the commentary. The goal of the Oregon Law Review has been to create a useful practice tool for nonprofit lawyers, directors, and participants. To accomplish this, the editing team preserved the integrity of the commentary. Once the 1989 commentary was reconciled with the 1989 version of Chapter 65, the editing team integrated all 1991 amendments and corresponding commentary. This process resulted in a completely updated version of the commentary to the Revised Oregon Nonprofit Corporation Act as of the 1991 legislative session