1,314 research outputs found
Fracture of a viscous liquid
When a viscous liquid hits a pool of liquid of same nature, the impact region
is hollowed by the shock. Its bottom becomes extremely sharp if increasing the
impact velocity, and we report that the curvature at that place increases
exponentially with the flow velocity, in agreement with a theory by Jeong and
Moffatt. Such a law defines a characteristic velocity for the collapse of the
tip, which explains both the cusp-like shape of this region, and the
instability of the cusp if increasing (slightly) the impact velocity. Then, a
film of the upper phase is entrained inside the pool. We characterize the
critical velocity of entrainment of this phase and compare our results with
recent predictions by Eggers
When, why and how tumour clonal diversity predicts survival
The utility of intratumour heterogeneity as a prognostic biomarker is the subject of ongoing clinical investigation. However, the relationship between this marker and its clinical impact is mediated by an evolutionary process that is not well understood. Here, we employ a spatial computational model of tumour evolution to assess when, why and how intratumour heterogeneity can be used to forecast tumour growth rate and progressionâfree survival. We identify three conditions that can lead to a positive correlation between clonal diversity and subsequent growth rate: diversity is measured early in tumour development; selective sweeps are rare; and/or tumours vary in the rate at which they acquire driver mutations. Opposite conditions typically lead to negative correlation. In cohorts of tumours with diverse evolutionary parameters, we find that clonal diversity is a reliable predictor of both growth rate and progressionâfree survival. We thus offer explanationsâgrounded in evolutionary theoryâfor empirical findings in various cancers, including survival analyses reported in the recent TRACERx Renal study of clearâcell renal cell carcinoma. Our work informs the search for new prognostic biomarkers and contributes to the development of predictive oncology
Effect of a trade between boattail angle and wedge size on the performance of a nonaxisymmetric wedge nozzle
An investigation was conducted in the Langley 16-Foot Transonic Tunnel to determine the effect of a boattail angle and wedge-size trade on the performance of nonaxisymmetric wedge nozzles installed on a generic twin-engine fighter aircraft model. Test data were obtained at static conditions and at Mach numbers from 0.60 to 1.25. Angle of attack was held constant at 0 deg. High-pressure air was used to simulate jet exhaust, and the nozzle pressure ratio was varied from 1.0 (jet off) to slightly over 15.0. For the configurations studied, the results indicate that wedge size can be reduced without affecting aeropropulsive performance
Models of competitive learning: complex dynamics, intermittent conversions and oscillatory coarsening
We present two models of competitive learning, which are respectively
interfacial and cooperative learning. This learning is outcome-related, so that
spatially and temporally local environments influence the conversion of a given
site between one of two different types. We focus here on the behavior of the
models at coexistence, which yields new critical behavior and the existence of
a phase involving a novel type of coarsening which is oscillatory in nature.Comment: 23 pages, 11 figures. To appear in Phys. Rev.
Variational method and duality in the 2D square Potts model
The ferromagnetic q-state Potts model on a square lattice is analyzed, for
q>4, through an elaborate version of the operatorial variational method. In the
variational approach proposed in the paper, the duality relations are exactly
satisfied, involving at a more fundamental level, a duality relationship
between variational parameters. Besides some exact predictions, the approach is
very effective in the numerical estimates over the whole range of temperature
and can be systematically improved.Comment: 20 pages, 5 EPS figure
Structural Ordering and Symmetry Breaking in Cd_2Re_2O_7
Single crystal X-ray diffraction measurements have been carried out on
Cd_2Re_2O_7 near and below the phase transition it exhibits at Tc' ~195 K.
Cd_2Re_2O_7 was recently discovered as the first, and to date only,
superconductor with the cubic pyrochlore structure. Superlattice Bragg peaks
show an apparently continuous structural transition at Tc', however the order
parameter displays anomalously slow growth to ~Tc'/10, and resolution limited
critical-like scattering is seen above Tc'. High resolution measurements show
the high temperature cubic Bragg peaks to split on entering the low temperature
phase, indicating a (likely tetragonal) lowering of symmetry below Tc'.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure
Three-phase point in a binary hard-core lattice model?
Using Monte Carlo simulation, Van Duijneveldt and Lekkerkerker [Phys. Rev.
Lett. 71, 4264 (1993)] found gas-liquid-solid behaviour in a simple
two-dimensional lattice model with two types of hard particles. The same model
is studied here by means of numerical transfer matrix calculations, focusing on
the finite size scaling of the gaps between the largest few eigenvalues. No
evidence for a gas-liquid transition is found. We discuss the relation of the
model with a solvable RSOS model of which the states obey the same exclusion
rules. Finally, a detailed analysis of the relation with the dilute three-state
Potts model strongly supports the tricritical point rather than a three-phase
point.Comment: 17 pages, LaTeX2e, 13 EPS figure
Effect of Pressure on Tiny Antiferromagnetic Moment in the Heavy-Electron Compound URu_2Si_2
We have performed elastic neutron-scattering experiments on the
heavy-electron compound URu_2Si_2 for pressure P up to 2.8 GPa. We have found
that the antiferrmagnetic (100) Bragg reflection below T_m ~ 17.5 K is strongly
enhanced by applying pressure. For P < 1.1 GPa, the staggered moment mu_o at
1.4 K increases linearly from ~ 0.017(3) mu_B to ~ 0.25(2) mu_B, while T_m
increases slightly at a rate ~ 1 K/GPa, roughly following the transition
temperature T_o determined from macroscopic anomalies. We have also observed a
sharp phase transition at P_c ~ 1.5 GPa, above which a 3D-Ising type of
antiferromagnetic phase (mu_o ~ 0.4 mu_B) appears with a slightly reduced
lattice constant.Comment: RevTeX, 4 pages, 4 eps figures, accepted for publication in Phys.
Rev. Let
Crystal Structure of the Sodium Cobaltate Deuterate Superconductor NaxCoO2o4xD2O (x=1/3)
Neutron and x-ray powder diffraction have been used to investigate the
crystal structures of a sample of the newly-discovered superconducting sodium
cobaltate deuterate compound with composition Na0.31(3)CoO2o1.25(2)D2O and its
anhydrous parent compound Na0.61(1)CoO2. The deuterate superconducting compound
is formed by coordinating four D2O molecules (two above and two below) to each
Na ion in a way that gives Na-O distances nearly equal to those in the parent
compound. One deuteron of the D2O molecule is hydrogen bonded to an oxygen atom
in the CoO2 plane and the oxygen atom and the second deuteron of each D2O
molecule lie approximately in a plane between the Na layer and the CoO2 layers.
This coordination of Na by four D2O molecules leads to ordering of the Na ions
and D2O molecules. The sample studied here, which has Tc=4.5 K, has a refined
composition of Na0.31(3)CoO2o1.25(2)D2O, in agreement with the expected 1:4
ratio of Na to D2O. These results show that the optimal superconducting
composition should be viewed as a specific hydrated compound, not a solid
solution of Na and D2O (H2O) in NaxCoO2oyD2O. Studies of physical properties
vs. Na or D2O composition should be viewed with caution until it is verified
that the compound remains in the same phase over the composition range of the
study.Comment: 22 pages, 8 figure
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