Positive, limited and negative responders: The variability in physical fitness adaptation to basic military training

Objectives: To investigate the heterogeneity of physical adaptation in Australian Army recruits completing a 12-week basic military training regimen. Design: A prospective research design. Methods: Volunteer recruits (n = 195) completed 12-weeks of basic military training. Recruit physical fitness was assessed at week 1, weeks 6–8 and week 12. Recruits in the upper (75th) and lower (25th) quartiles for each assessment were then analysed using a repeated measures two-way ANOVA. The relative magnitude of recruit adaptions were classified as positive response (Rpositive, ≥5%), limited response (Rlimited, \u3e−5% to \u3c5%) and negative response (Rnegative, ≤−5%); Chi-square analysis determined the proportional differences in the distribution of each quartile. Results: An interaction (p \u3c 0.001) was observed in the lower and upper recruit quartiles for all assessments of physical fitness at each time point. After 12 weeks of military training the mean difference of the highest quartile was; 20-m multi-stage fitness test 7.4 mL·kg−1·min−1, (CI:5.8:9.1), 2-min push-ups 20.1 reps, (CI:16.2:23.9), 1RM box lift 5.6 kg, (CI:2.6:5.8) and load carriage 222.1 s, (CI:174.7:269.4) compared to the lowest recruit quartile. The highest quartile demonstrated no improvement in 1RM box lift (−4%, −1%) and push-ups (2%, 0%) performance at weeks 6–8 and week 12 respectively. In contrast, adaptations in the lowest quartile for 1RM box lift (16%, 21%) and push-ups (46%, 46%) over the same time periods were observed. Conclusions: A significant proportion of recruits may complete basic military training with a decline in physical performance. Higher relative-intensity cardiorespiratory and resistance exercise should be considered to facilitate physical adaptation in all recruits

Wittgenstein's Thought Experiments and Relativity Theory

In this paper, I discuss the similarity between Wittgenstein’s use of thought experiments and Relativity Theory. I begin with introducing Wittgenstein’s idea of “thought experiments” and a tentative classification of different kinds of thought experiments in Wittgenstein’s work. Then, after presenting a short recap of some remarks on the analogy between Wittgenstein’s point of view and Einstein’s, I suggest three analogies between the status of Wittgenstein’s mental experiments and Relativity theory: the topics of time dilation, the search for invariants, and the role of measuring tools in Special Relativity. This last point will help to better define Wittgenstein’s idea of description as the core of his philosophical enterprise

Performance of the double multilayer monochromator on the NSLS wiggler beam line X25

A tunable, double multilayer x-ray monochromator has recently been implemented on the National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS) X25 wiggler beam line. It is based on a parallel pair of tungsten-boron-carbide multilayer films grown on silicon substrates and purchased from Osmic, Inc. of Troy, Michigan, USA. It acts as an optional alternative to the conventional double silicon crystal monochromator, and uses the same alignment mechanism. Two other NSLS beam lines also have had this kind of monochromator installed recently, following the lead of the NSLS X20C IBM/MIT beam line which has used a double multilayer monochromator for several years. Owing to the 100 times broader bandwidth of a multilayer x-ray monochromator, compared with a silicon monochromator, the multilayer monochromator has the obvious advantage of delivering 100 times the flux of a silicon monochromator, and thereby makes more efficient use of the continuous synchrotron radiation spectrum, yet preserves the narrow collimation of the incident synchrotron beam. In particular, multilayer x-ray bandwidths, on the order of 1%, are well-matched to x-ray undulator linewidths. Performance results for the X25 multilayer monochromator are presented, comparing it with the silicon monochromator. Of note is its short- and long-term performance as an x-ray monochromator delivering the brightness of the wiggler source in the presence of the high-power white beam. Detailed measurements of its spatial beam profile and wavelength dispersion have been made, and it is shown how its resolution could be improved when desired. Finally, its peculiar, anisotropic resolution function in reciprocal space, and its bearing upon x-ray crystallography and scattering experiments, will be discussed, and highlighted by the results of a protein crystallography experiment. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/87844/2/71_1.pd

Growing Up in Scotland: A Study Following the Lives of Scotland's Children

The first research report on Sweep 1 findings of the Growing Up in Scotland stud

Организация электроснабжения электрохимической защиты магистральных трубопроводов

В процессе эксплуатации магистральные газопроводы (МГ), как и большинство других металлических подземных коммуникаций, подвергаются воздействию процессов коррозии. Интенсивность этих процессов, а, следовательно, и состояние МГ зависит от целого ряда факторов, к числу которых следует отнести: коррозионную активность и характеристики грунтов в местах прокладки газопровода, глубину залегания участков газопровода, пересечениями с ЛЭП высокого напряжения или с электрифицированной железной дорогой – источниками блуждающих токов, качеством изоляционного покрытия, наличием и эффективностью настройки средств электрохимической защитыIn the process of exploitation of magistral gas pipelines (MG), like most other metal pose of communication, are exposed to corrosion processes. The intensity of these processes, and, consequently, the condition of the person MG depends on a number of factors, among which include: corrosiveness and the characteristics of the grunts in the field strip, the gazebo, the depth of the selenium sites gazebo leading from Lap high voltage electrician or from the sale of honey for the presence of wandering well, the quality of the insulation coating, lithium and effective tuning of electrochemical protectio

Stabilisation of metastable polymorphs: the case of paracetamol form III

YesThe design of a melt synthesis of the first air-stable formulation of the metastable form III of paracetamol is derived from thermo-spectroscopic and thermo-diffraction experiments. Melt crystallisation in the presence of β-1,4-saccharides produces form III selectively and the excipients appear to act as stabilising ‘active’ templates of the metastable polymorph.This article is part of themed collection: Pharmaceutical Solids