Links between particle surface hardening and rehydration impairment during micellar casein powder storage

Storage is an unavoidable critical phase regarding dairy powder reconstitution abilities, particularly for high casein content powders, which generally present a poor rehydration behavior. The ability of micellar casein powders to completely rehydrate can thus be particularly affected by storage time and temperature. To implement best practices for the optimization of storage conditions, understanding changes occurring is a crucial point. For the first time, biophysical techniques were used to investigate powder surface at the nanoscale. Atomic force microscopy revealed that particle surface became rougher during storage, associated with the formation of hollow zones (around 500 nm) holes when stored for 10 months at 40 °C. Mechanical properties of micellar casein particle surface during powder storage was quantified using AFM nanoindentation. Spatially-resolved force/indentation curves evidenced a significant stiffer surface for aged powder (Young modulus of ∼20 GPa) in comparison with the fresh one (∼0.2 GPa). These findings were fully consistent with the formation of a crust at the powder surface observed by high-resolution field-emission scanning electron microscopy during powder rehydration. Finally, alterations of the rehydration process can be related to modifications occurring at the particle surface during storage

Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG encapsulation by spray-drying: milk proteins clotting control to produce innovative matrices

A well-known probiotic strain, L.\ua0rhamnosus GG, was encapsulated by spray-drying in milk water-insoluble matrices upon reconstitution in hot water by exploiting and controlling the clotting reaction of milk proteins during the process. The feed solution, composed of probiotic bacteria and milk proteins, was or not subjected to the action of chymosin, a proteolytic enzyme. To optimize microencapsulation efficiency, different outlet air temperatures were tested (55, 70 and 85\ua0°C). After spray-drying, small microparticles were recovered for further characterization. All drying conditions led to excellent bacterial survival rates

Microencapsulation of probiotic bacteria in dairy matrices : study of mechanisms of formation with a multi-scale approach

Ce travail de thèse a permis la mise au point d'un procédé d'encapsulation de bactéries probiotiques dans des matrices ne contenant que des ingrédients laitiers. L'étude à l'échelle laboratoire puis, le dimensionnement du procédé à l'échelle pilote ont permis la production de microparticules stables dans des milieux aqueux et résistantes à des conditions simulant l'estomac. La nature des protéines présentes mais également leurs proportions ont influencé la localisation des bactéries dans les microparticules : à la surface pour une matrice uniquement composée de caséine et à l'intérieur pour une matrice composée à la fois de caséines et de protéines solubles. L'interprétation de ces résultats par une étude à l'échelle moléculaire des interactions qui s'établissent entre les bactéries probiotiques et les protéines laitières a été possible grâce à l'utilisation de la microscopie à force atomique. Les protéines solubles interagissent de façon spécifique avec les bactéries alors que les caséines interagissent de façon non spécifique. De même, la présence de pili à la surface de la bactérie est favorable à la l'établissement d'interactions fortes entre LGG et les protéines solubles. Ce travail a donc permis d'expliquer des résultats obtenus à l'échelle macroscopique (taux d'encapsulation et de survie dans des conditions gastriques) grâce à des observations microscopiques et une étude à l'échelle nanoscopique des interactions entre les différents composants. Cette approche multi-échelle a élucidé certains mécanismes régissant l'encapsulation de bactéries probiotiques dans des matrices laitièresIn this work thesis, an encapsulation process for probiotic bacteria using only milk proteins is developed. The laboratory scale followed by a pilot and an industrial scale development of the process allow the production of stable and resistant microparticles both in aqueous and gastric media. The nature and quantities of proteins added is found to influence the bacterial location in the microparticles. The bacteria are located mostly at the surface when only caseins are present. Oppositely, well encapsulated bacteria are observed when addition of whey proteins are performed. A molecular study of interactions established between milk proteins and bacteria is possible with the use of atomic force microscopy. Whey proteins are found to specifically interact with bacteria whereas the caseins establish non-specific links. In addition, the presence of piliated bacteria is found favorable to establish strong and long interactions between proteins and bacteria. This work permits the interpretation of results obtained at a macroscale (encapsulation rate and bacterial survival in stomach conditions) thanks to microscopic observations and nanoscopic interactions study. This multiscale approach permits the elucidation of mechanisms driving the probiotic encapsulation in milk matrice

Microencapsulation de bactéries probiotiques dans des matrices laitières: études des mécanismes de formation par une approche multi-échelle

In this work thesis, an encapsulation process for probiotic bacteria using only milk proteins is developed. The laboratory scale followed by a pilot and an industrial scale development of the process allow the production of stable and resistant microparticles both in aqueous and gastric media. The nature and quantities of proteins added is found to influence the bacterial location in the microparticles. The bacteria are located mostly at the surface when only caseins are present. Oppositely, well encapsulated bacteria are observed when addition of whey proteins are performed. A molecular study of interactions established between milk proteins and bacteria is possible with the use of atomic force microscopy. Whey proteins are found to specifically interact with bacteria whereas the caseins establish non-specific links. In addition, the presence of piliated bacteria is found favorable to establish strong and long interactions between proteins and bacteria. This work permits the interpretation of results obtained at a macroscale (encapsulation rate and bacterial survival in stomach conditions) thanks to microscopic observations and nanoscopic interactions study. This multiscale approach permits the elucidation of mechanisms driving the probiotic encapsulation in milk matricesCe travail de thèse a permis la mise au point d'un procédé d'encapsulation de bactéries probiotiques dans des matrices ne contenant que des ingrédients laitiers. L'étude à l'échelle laboratoire puis, le dimensionnement du procédé à l'échelle pilote ont permis la production de microparticules stables dans des milieux aqueux et résistantes à des conditions simulant l'estomac. La nature des protéines présentes mais également leurs proportions ont influencé la localisation des bactéries dans les microparticules : à la surface pour une matrice uniquement composée de caséine et à l'intérieur pour une matrice composée à la fois de caséines et de protéines solubles. L'interprétation de ces résultats par une étude à l'échelle moléculaire des interactions qui s'établissent entre les bactéries probiotiques et les protéines laitières a été possible grâce à l'utilisation de la microscopie à force atomique. Les protéines solubles interagissent de façon spécifique avec les bactéries alors que les caséines interagissent de façon non spécifique. De même, la présence de pili à la surface de la bactérie est favorable à la l'établissement d'interactions fortes entre LGG et les protéines solubles. Ce travail a donc permis d'expliquer des résultats obtenus à l'échelle macroscopique (taux d'encapsulation et de survie dans des conditions gastriques) grâce à des observations microscopiques et une étude à l'échelle nanoscopique des interactions entre les différents composants. Cette approche multi-échelle a élucidé certains mécanismes régissant l'encapsulation de bactéries probiotiques dans des matrices laitière

Microencapsulation de bactéries probiotiques dans des matrices laitières (études des mécanismes de formation par une approche multi-échelle)

Ce travail de thèse a permis la mise au point d'un procédé d'encapsulation de bactéries probiotiques dans des matrices ne contenant que des ingrédients laitiers. L'étude à l'échelle laboratoire puis, le dimensionnement du procédé à l'échelle pilote ont permis la production de microparticules stables dans des milieux aqueux et résistantes à des conditions simulant l'estomac. La nature des protéines présentes mais également leurs proportions ont influencé la localisation des bactéries dans les microparticules : à la surface pour une matrice uniquement composée de caséine et à l'intérieur pour une matrice composée à la fois de caséines et de protéines solubles. L'interprétation de ces résultats par une étude à l'échelle moléculaire des interactions qui s'établissent entre les bactéries probiotiques et les protéines laitières a été possible grâce à l'utilisation de la microscopie à force atomique. Les protéines solubles interagissent de façon spécifique avec les bactéries alors que les caséines interagissent de façon non spécifique. De même, la présence de pili à la surface de la bactérie est favorable à la l'établissement d'interactions fortes entre LGG et les protéines solubles. Ce travail a donc permis d'expliquer des résultats obtenus à l'échelle macroscopique (taux d'encapsulation et de survie dans des conditions gastriques) grâce à des observations microscopiques et une étude à l'échelle nanoscopique des interactions entre les différents composants. Cette approche multi-échelle a élucidé certains mécanismes régissant l'encapsulation de bactéries probiotiques dans des matrices laitièresIn this work thesis, an encapsulation process for probiotic bacteria using only milk proteins is developed. The laboratory scale followed by a pilot and an industrial scale development of the process allow the production of stable and resistant microparticles both in aqueous and gastric media. The nature and quantities of proteins added is found to influence the bacterial location in the microparticles. The bacteria are located mostly at the surface when only caseins are present. Oppositely, well encapsulated bacteria are observed when addition of whey proteins are performed. A molecular study of interactions established between milk proteins and bacteria is possible with the use of atomic force microscopy. Whey proteins are found to specifically interact with bacteria whereas the caseins establish non-specific links. In addition, the presence of piliated bacteria is found favorable to establish strong and long interactions between proteins and bacteria. This work permits the interpretation of results obtained at a macroscale (encapsulation rate and bacterial survival in stomach conditions) thanks to microscopic observations and nanoscopic interactions study. This multiscale approach permits the elucidation of mechanisms driving the probiotic encapsulation in milk matricesNANCY-INPL-Bib. électronique (545479901) / SudocSudocFranceF

Milk fat globule membrane glycoproteins: Valuable ingredients for lactic acid bacteria encapsulation?

International audienceThe membrane (Milk Fat Globule Membrane - MFGM) surrounding the milk fat globule is becoming increasingly studied for its use in food applications due to proven nutritional and technological properties. This review focuses first on current researches which have been led on the MFGM structure and composition and also on laboratory and industrial purification and isolation methods developed in the last few years. The nutritional, health benefits and techno-functional properties of the MFGM are then discussed. Finally, new techno-functional opportunities of MFGM glycoproteins as a possible ingredient for Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) encapsulation are detailed. The ability of MFGM to form liposomes entrapping bioactive compounds has been already demonstrated. One drawback is that liposomes are too small to be used for bacteria encapsulation. For the first time, this review points out the numerous advantages to use MFGM glycoproteins as a protecting, encapsulating matrix for bacteria and especially for LAB

Surface chemistry and microscopy of food powders

Despite high industrial and scientific interest, a comprehensive review of the surface science of food powders is still lacking. There is a real gap between scientific concerns of the field and accessible reviews on the subject. The global description of the surface of food powders by multi-scale microscopy approaches seems to be essential in order to investigate their complexity and take advantage of their high innovation potential

Impact of spray‐drying conditions on flow properties of skim dromedary and cow's milk powders using the FT4 powder rheometer

International audienceTwo sets of spray-drying conditions were applied on skim dromedary and cow's milks to determine the effect of air outlet temperature (75 and 85°C) and milk type on proximate composition, particle-size distribution, and flow properties of spray-dried powders. The particle-size distribution was more influenced by the chemical composition than the spray-drying conditions. The air outlet temperature impacted on dromedary milk powder flowability, as the basic flowability energy was significantly increased from 620 to 1,018 mJ when the outlet air temperature was increased from 75 to 85°C, respectively. Specific energy, associated with the flow performance of a powder in a low-stress environment, was significantly higher for dromedary milk powder at the higher air outlet temperature. However, spray-drying conditions had no significant effect on specific energy values of cow's milk powder. Dromedary milk powders had better flow behavior than cow's milk powders. Shear tests confirmed that powders spray-dried at 75°C had better flowability than powders spray-dried at 85°C

Use of imaging techniques to identify efficient controlled release systems of: Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG during in vitro digestion

Matrix composition plays a crucial role in the controlled release of viable and functional bacteria in the intestine. Imaging tools such as electronic and confocal microscopies were used in this work to investigate the influence of matrix composition on matrix integrity and porosity, bacterial spatial distribution and viability during simulated in vitro digestion. L. rhamnosus GG was encapsulated in matrices having different casein/whey protein ratios. The formulation with a casein/whey ratio of 60/40 presented a porous weak gel structure that resulted in its fast disintegration in gastric media showing the presence of dead bacteria in the intestine. For the formulation with a casein/whey ratio of 100/0, the matrix was dense with a strong gel structure. At the end of the intestine, total disintegration of microparticles was not achieved and bacteria were still embedded in the matrix instead of being liberated. Only the intermediate formulation (casein/whey-80/20) permitted a good bacterial protection in the stomach and release of viable bacteria during intestinal digestion

Local modifications of whey protein isolate powder surface during high temperature storage

Dairy powders are stable ingredients that are frequently stored prior to use. In fact, during powdermanufacture, precautionary measures are taken to ensure optimal technological and nutritional functionalities,but during storage, changes in physico-chemical and functional properties of whey proteinisolate (WPI) powders were extensively outlined. In the present study, WPI powders were stored at 60 Cand 0.2 water activity for one month and local modifications on particle surface were explored. Atomicforce microscopy (AFM), specifically in chemical force microscopy (CFM) mode, was used to followsurface modifications during storage. An increase in surface hydrophobicity was noticed when powderswere stored at high temperatures. Complementary techniques such as microscopy and Time-of-FlightSecondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) showed a crackled surface and a decrease in the presenceof amino acid at surface. Finally, powder browning and fluorescence of components on particlesurface suggested that Maillard reaction is the main phenomenon responsible for powder alterationduring storage