Management of complex economic security of enterprises: empirical test in Russia

There is a new meaningful interpretation of the concept of "integrated economic security of industrial enterprise"; the problems of analyzing complex economic security are substantiated. Based on the study of the regulatory and legal and methodological support of the process of managing economic security in modern economic and political conditions, generalizations and analysis of existing practice in Russia and abroad, the main shortcomings in approaches to assessing the integrated economic security of industrial enterprises have been identified. The article examines the methods for assessing economic security: matrix, product, operational, dynamic one and methods of assessment based on the market value of the company. The parameters of the integrated economic security of industrial enterprise are classified: financial and economic security, information, technological, material and technical, personnel, epidemiological security, conceptual model for assessing financial and economic and integrated security of enterprise has been developed. The practical implementation of the proposed developments has been carried out. It is recommended to use the developed model of economic security management as enterprise resource planning (ERP) module of the enterprise system

In Vivo Analysis of Conserved C. elegans Tomosyn Domains

Neurosecretion is critically dependent on the assembly of a macromolecular complex between the SNARE proteins syntaxin, SNAP-25 and synaptobrevin. Evidence indicates that the binding of tomosyn to syntaxin and SNAP-25 interferes with this assembly, thereby negatively regulating both synaptic transmission and peptide release. Tomosyn has two conserved domains: an N-terminal encompassing multiple WD40 repeats predicted to form two β-propeller structures and a C-terminal SNARE-binding motif. To assess the function of each domain, we performed an in vivo analysis of the N- and C- terminal domains of C. elegans tomosyn (TOM-1) in a tom-1 mutant background. We verified that both truncated TOM-1 constructs were transcribed at levels comparable to rescuing full-length TOM-1, were of the predicted size, and localized to synapses. Unlike full-length TOM-1, expression of the N- or C-terminal domains alone was unable to restore inhibitory control of synaptic transmission in tom-1 mutants. Similarly, co-expression of both domains failed to restore TOM-1 function. In addition, neither the N- nor C-terminal domain inhibited release when expressed in a wild-type background. Based on these results, we conclude that the ability of tomosyn to regulate neurotransmitter release in vivo depends on the physical integrity of the protein, indicating that both N- and C-terminal domains are necessary but not sufficient for effective inhibition of release in vivo

Analysis of Caenorhabditis elegans tomosyn.

Analysis of Caenorhabditis elegans tomosyn

Flag-tagged TOM-1A SNARE and ΔSNARE transgenics phenocopy untagged lines.

<p><b>A.</b> Representative evoked response traces for SNARE::FLAG (SY1232) and ΔSNARE::FLAG (SY1233) expressing lines. <b>B.</b> Plots of average evoked amplitude and (<b>C</b>) evoked charge integral. All data are expressed as mean ± SEM, the sample size (n) is indicated as a number in each bar. Mann Whitney T-tests showed values were not significantly different.</p

Both TOM1-A SNARE and ΔSNARE are stably expressed and localized at synapses.

<p><b>A.</b> The FLAG tagged SNARE and ΔSNARE constructs are of the predicted size on Westerns. <b>B.</b> Representative confocal images of SNARE::FLAG and ΔSNARE::FLAG expression in the ventral nerve cord (VNC) anterior to the vulva, the region used for electrophysiological recording. Staining in the lateral nerve cord (LNC) was also observed. Scale bar is 50 µm.</p

Over-expression of TOM1-A SNARE or ΔSNARE constructs do not inhibit synaptic release in the wild-type background.

<p><b>A.</b> Representative evoked traces for full-length TOM-1A (SY1237), SNARE (SY1234) and ΔSNARE (SY1235) expressing transgenes in the wild-type background. (<b>B</b>) Average evoked amplitude and (<b>C</b>) Average charge integral were only significantly reduced by full-length TOM-1A relative to wild type (***, p = 0.0005, and p = 0.0007 for B and C, respectively). All data are expressed as mean ± SEM, the sample size (n) is indicated as a number in each bar, significance values obtained with the Mann Whitney T-test.</p

SNARE and ΔSNARE domains of TOM-1A fail to rescue <i>tom-1(nu468)</i> mutants.

<p><b>A.</b> Schematic showing full-length TOM-1A (SY1242) and the SNARE (SY1230) and ΔSNARE (SY1231) truncated constructs used to generate the integrated transgenics. The position of the early stop at amino acid W212 for <i>tom-1(nu46</i>8) is indicated by the arrow <b>B.</b> Representative traces of evoked post-synaptic responses and plots of evoked amplitude (***, p = 0.006) (<b>C</b>), evoked charge integral (**,p = 0.0014, ***, p = 0.007) (<b>D</b>) and evoked half-time decay ((**,p = 0.001, ***, p<0.0001) (<b>E</b>). All data are expressed as mean ± SEM. The Mann Whitney T-test was used to determine significance values relative to <i>tom-1(nu468)</i>. The sample size (n) is indicated as a number in each bar.</p

ΔΔCt-values for TOM-1A transgenic lines.

<p>Transgene mRNA levels were determined by qRT-PCR using primers specific for TOM-1A N-terminal (starting at bp1840) and the SNARE domain in the <i>tom-1(nu468)</i> mutant background. ΔΔC(t) values were normalized to <i>tom-1(nu468)</i> using <i>act-1</i> transcript levels as a calibrator.</p

Inverse-relationship between predicted full-length TOM-1A expression levels and synaptic function.

<p><b>A.</b> Representative evoked post-synaptic responses from the NMJ of <i>tom-1(nu468)</i>, wild type and two TOM-1A integrated lines, SY1229 and SY1242, expressed in the <i>tom-1(nu468)</i> mutant background respectively. <b>B.</b> Average charge integral for evoked responses of <i>tom-1(nu468)</i> (n = 20), wild type (n = 73) and <i>tom-1(nu468)</i> over-expressing TOM-1A integrated lines SY1242 (∼6 fold mRNA levels) (n = 7) and SY1229 (∼12 fold mRNA levels) (n = 7) plotted against predicted TOM-1A expression levels based on quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) normalized to <i>C. elegans</i> actin (<i>act-1</i>) transcript levels. Data plotted as mean ± SEM (significance values relative to <i>tom-1(nu468)</i>, *** p≤0.0001, Mann Whitney T-test). Representative evoked NMJ traces are displayed above each strain.</p