Heat transfer in pipes

The heat transfer from hot water to a cold copper pipe in laminar and turbulent flow condition is determined. The mean flow through velocity in the pipe, relative test length and initial temperature in the vessel were varied extensively during tests. Measurements confirm Nusselt's theory for large test lengths in laminar range. A new equation is derived for heat transfer for large starting lengths which agrees satisfactorily with measurements for large starting lengths. Test results are compared with the new Prandtl equation for heat transfer and correlated well. Test material for 200- and to 400-diameter test length is represented at four different vessel temperatures

A Little War That Shook the World:Georgia, Russia, and the Future of the West

In August 2008, Russia shattered the post–Cold War peace in Europe by invading the former Soviet republic of Georgia. Though only days long, that war dashed NATO’s hopes to expand to the Caucasus and sparked fundamental reevaluations of American and Euro- pean Union (EU) relations with Russia. Ronald Asmus’s A Little War That Shook the World is an engaging read that combines the best available history of the war with a broader analysis of the geopolitical forces that led to it