Towards Dead Time Inclusion in Neuronal Modeling

A mathematical description of the refractoriness period in neuronal diffusion modeling is given and its moments are explicitly obtained in a form that is suitable for quantitative evaluations. Then, for the Wiener, Ornstein-Uhlenbeck and Feller neuronal models, an analysis of the features exhibited by the mean and variance of the first passage time and of refractoriness period is performed.Comment: 12 pages, 1 figur

Using the pain principle to provide a new approach to invasive treatments and end-of-life care

End-of-life issues involving small babies are particularly challenging for doctors, particularly pediatricians as there are complex issues involved, including long-term disabilities (1) and the parents' wishes (1). Evaluations can be based on statistical risks (2) and case-by-case issues. Some authors (3) suggest that intensive care can be withheld when consciousness is compromised, but that raises questions about what level of consciousness equates to a baby being completely compromised (4). Other authors have questioned whether suspending therapies when the baby is not at their end-of-life is ethically right. Concerns have also been expressed that there is a risk that babies lives are undervalued, in comparison with older patients, because their life support is removed more easily than when adults have a similar prognosis

CysMap and CysJoin: Database and tools for protein disulphide localization

We have developed a computer program able to make user-customised databases derived from the public PIR non-redundant reference protein database. When the database of interest has been created, the user will generate the map of all the possible linear peptides containing one and two cysteines for each protein and combine them to calculate the mass of all the possible clusters of linear peptides linked by a disulphide bridge with a cysteine pair. It is also possible to create selected maps corresponding to peptides formed by the action of specific proteases. In this way, mass spectrometric data obtained from the hydrolysis of proteins of unknown sequence can be related to that contained in the database for quick disulphide assignment and protein identification. To confirm signal attribution, the program will also furnish the expected mass of cluster peptides after performing a cycle of Edman degradation. The utility of the program is discussed and examples of application are given. © 2005 Federation of European Biochemical Societies

Modelling and control of a variable-length flexible beam on inspection ground robot

Stabilising an inverted pendulum on a cart is a well-known control problem. This paper proposes the mechanical and control design for solving the oscillation problem of a variable-length flexible beam mounted on a mobile robot. The system under consideration is the robot PovRob, used at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) for visual and remote inspection tasks of particle accelerators. The flexible beam mounted on the robot houses cameras and sensors. The innovative aspect of the approach concerns the use of actuated masses mounted at the end of the rod, which induces an impulsive moment due to their inertia and angular acceleration. The modelling of the flexible rod has been suitably simplified in a lumped-parameter system, with dynamic parameters related to the rod’s flexibility. A linearisation of the dynamic model allows a linear-quadratic control to stabilise the system. Experimental results support the identification and the validation of the dynamic model, while simulation results evaluate the performances of the designed control law

Visual control through narrow passages for an omnidirectional wheeled robot

Robotic systems are gradually replacing human intervention in dangerous facilities to improve human safety and prevent risky situations. In this domain, our work addresses the problem of autonomous crossing narrow passages in a semi-structured (i.e., partially-known) environment. In particular, we focus on the CERN’s Super Proton Synchrotron particle accelerator, where a mobile robot platform is equipped with a lightweight arm to perform measurements, inspection, and maintenance operations. The proposed approach leverages an image-based visual servoing strategy that exploits computer vision to detect and track known geometries defining narrow passage gates. The effectiveness of the proposed approach has been demonstrated in a realistic mock-up

Oxidative stress as a primary risk factor for brain damage in preterm newborns

The risk of oxidative stress is high in preterm newborns. Room air exposure of an organism primed to develop in a hypoxic environment, lacking antioxidant defenses, and subjected to hyperoxia, hypoxia, and ischemia challenges the newborn with oxidative stress production. Free radicals can be generated by a multitude of other mechanisms, such as glutamate excitotoxicity, excess free iron, inflammation, and immune reactions. Free radical-induced damage caused by oxidative stress appears to be the major candidate for the pathogenesis of most of the complications of prematurity, brain being especially at risk, with short to long-term consequences. We review the role of free radical oxidative damage to the newborn brain and propose a mechanism of oxidative injury, taking into consideration the particular maturation-dependent vulnerability of the oligodendrocyte precursors. Prompted by our observation of an increase in plasma Adenosine concentrations significantly associated with brain white matter lesions in some premature infants, we discuss a possible bioenergetics hypothesis, correlated to the oxidative challenge of the premature infant. We aim at explaining both the oxidative stress generation and the mechanism promoting the myelination disturbances. Being white matter abnormalities among the most common lesions of prematurity, the use of Adenosine as a biomarker of brain damage appears promising in order to design neuroprotective strategies

Pre-surgery urine metabolomics may predict late neurodevelopmental outcome in children with congenital heart disease

Background: From fetal life until cardiac surgery, complex congenital heart diseases (CHD) exhibit different hemodynamic and oxygenation patterns that can lead to alteration of the metabolic profile. We used a metabolomic approach to identify urine metabolic markers before cardiac surgery, aiming to define the physiology of patients with complex CHD and to contribute to predict their neurodevelopmental outcome. Methods: In a prospective, observational, single-center study we enrolled 28 patients with complex biventricular and univentricular CHD aged less than 5 years, on stable hemodynamic conditions, and with no genetic anomalies. We analyzed urine samples, collected at the induction of anesthesia, by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Profiles of 1H NMR spectra were submitted to unsupervised (principal component) and supervised (partial least squares-discriminant) multivariate analysis. Neurodevelopment was assessed by neuropsychological and adaptive functioning testing. Results: Principal components analysis divided CHD patients metabolic profiles in two distinct clusters (RED and BLACK). Metabolic profiles belonging to the RED cluster showed higher levels of accumulation of citric acid cycle intermediates and glucose compared to the profiles in the BLACK cluster, indicating a possible switching to anaerobic metabolism. Patients belonging to the RED cluster were significantly more prone to show an adverse neurodevelopment pattern (p = 0.01). Conclusions: The application of metabolomic analysis to CHD children permitted a deeper insight on their metabolic status that could help to obtain a better understanding of the physiological implications and to predict long-term neurodevelopmental outcome. © 201

26 Validation of A New Clinical Pain Scale for Full-Term Babies

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Skeletal muscle overexpression of sAnk1.5 in transgenic mice does not predispose to type 2 diabetes

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and cis-expression quantitative trait locus (cis-eQTL) analyses indicated an association of the rs508419 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) with type 2 diabetes (T2D). rs508419 is localized in the muscle-specific internal promoter (P2) of the ANK1 gene, which drives the expression of the sAnk1.5 isoform. Functional studies showed that the rs508419 C/C variant results in increased transcriptional activity of the P2 promoter, leading to higher levels of sAnk1.5 mRNA and protein in skeletal muscle biopsies of individuals carrying the C/C genotype. To investigate whether sAnk1.5 overexpression in skeletal muscle might predispose to T2D development, we generated transgenic mice (TgsAnk1.5/+) in which the sAnk1.5 coding sequence was selectively overexpressed in skeletal muscle tissue. TgsAnk1.5/+ mice expressed up to 50% as much sAnk1.5 protein as wild-type (WT) muscles, mirroring the difference reported between individuals with the C/C or T/T genotype at rs508419. However, fasting glucose levels, glucose tolerance, insulin levels and insulin response in TgsAnk1.5/+ mice did not differ from those of age-matched WT mice monitored over a 12-month period. Even when fed a high-fat diet, TgsAnk1.5/+ mice only presented increased caloric intake, but glucose disposal, insulin tolerance and weight gain were comparable to those of WT mice fed a similar diet. Altogether, these data indicate that sAnk1.5 overexpression in skeletal muscle does not predispose mice to T2D susceptibility