L’approccio alla stesura di tesi da parte degli studenti cinese a Mediazione

Il Programma \u201cMarco Polo\u201d \ue8 stato lanciato nel 2004 dalla Conferenza dei Rettori delle Universit\ue0 Italiane (CRUI), su diretta sollecitazione della Presidenza della Repubblica Italiana, al fine di incrementare la presenza di studenti cinesi negli atenei italiani. Per gli studenti che non superano l\u2019esame di ammissione oppure cheraggiungono un punteggio troppo basso per poter accedere a buoni atenei cinesi, la scelta del percorso di studio all\u2019estero \ue8 quasi inevitabile. Le conoscenze pregresse sono, per la maggior parte dei casi, insufficienti. Oltre al problema linguistico, ovvero la scarsa conoscenza dell\u2019italiano, manca loro la capacit\ue0 di studiare in modo autonomo, senza la solerte sollecitazione degli insegnanti cinesi che spingono gli studenti alla competizione. Inoltre, essendosi sempre basati su uno studio mnemonico delle materie, mancano di approccio critico e scientifico nell\u2019affrontare i programmi d\u2019esame e, soprattutto, nell\u2019elaborare la tesi finale. Come aiutarli a superare lo scoglio della scrittura in italiano? Siamo tutti consapevoli che, soprattutto per parlanti una lingua isolante, l\u2019italiano presenta grosse difficolt\ue0. I sostegni loro forniti non vengono, purtroppo, seguiti, e anche i colleghi del dipartimento, che non conoscono il cinese, hanno difficolt\ue0 nel seguirli nella stesura della tesi

L'approccio alla traduzione in italiano da parte degli studenti cinesi del corso di laurea in mediazioni linguistica e culturale

Nel presente contributo i casi presentati \u2013 errori grammaticali e sintattici e imprecisioni lessicali \u2013 sono tratti dai testi di traduzioni, dal cinese all\u2019italiano, degli studenti cinesi giunti nel nostro ateneo attraverso il Programma Marco Polo. \uc8 infatti richiesto agli studenti del terzo anno, sia italofoni che sinofoni, di cimentarsi con la traduzione di un brano con l\u2019ausilio di un dizionario: ci\uf2 perch\ue9, per diventare mediatori linguistici e culturali, \ue8 necessario sviluppare competenze linguistiche e culturali nelle due lingue. Nel programma del corso sono naturalmente consigliati i migliori dizionari \u2013 sia da cinese a italiano sia da cinese a inglese \u2013 consiglio spesso disatteso dagli studenti cinesi che si presentano con dizionari tascabili, solitamente editi in Cina, utili solo per la comunicazione quotidiana

OIM – il caso cinese: metodi e prospettive di ricerca

In cinese, \u201cneologismo mutuato da parola straniera\u201d (forestierismo o xenismo) \ue8 reso con il sintagma \u5916\u6765\u8bcd w\ue0il\ue1ic\ued (letter. esterno/fuori + venire + parola). Analizzando i neologismi mutuati da parole straniere, possiamo affermare che la lingua cinese \ue8 una delle poche lingue al mondo che meno frequentemente ricorre al semplice mantenimento di termini e sintagmi di origine straniera (a parte poche eccezioni emerse negli ultimi anni), i quali sono sempre resi \u2013 per mezzo di modalit\ue0 di cui parler\uf2 in seguito \u2013 nelle forme grafematiche della lingua di arrivo. Alleton (2001: 19-20) smitizza i preconcetti sulla lingua cinese, la cui morfologia \ue8 considerata povera, perch\ue9 silla\uacbica e priva di flessioni, affermando che ci\uf2 non implica che il po\uactere di generare nuove parole sia meno efficace di quello di un\u2019altra lingua. Infatti, l\u2019efficacia del processo di composizione della parola costituisce un vantaggio nella creazione di neologismi (a questo pro\uacposito l\u2019autrice parla di isomorfismo tra sintassi e formazione della parola). Nel presente lavoro verranno analizzati gli italianismi presenti nella lingua cinese utilizzando i metodi di formazione di nuove parole

Il fenomeno dell’egao 恶搞: parodia nel web cinese

Negli ultimi si \ue8 assistito a un moltiplicarsi di fenomeni sociali e linguistici nel web cinese. Tra questi uno dei pi\uf9 significativi \ue8 quello dell\u2019egao \u6076\u641e, le cui forme parodiche e satiriche sono state inizialmente utilizzate in Giappone per poi diffondersi a Hong Kong e Taiwan e, infine, dal 2006, anche nella Cina continentale. Nel presente intervento verr\ue0, innanzitutto, delineato lo sfondo storico e sociale della nascita di questo fenomeno, per poi approfondire le principali funzioni: resistenza, intrattenimento e fuga dalla realt\ue0, catarsi e formazione di comunit\ue0 online come risposta alla censura. Verranno anche analizzate le caratteristiche lessicali e sintattiche che si distinguono in base al mezzo espressivo utilizzato, ovvero tramite immagini, video o blog. Il linguaggio utilizzato \ue8 fortemente codificato, pensato per sfuggire alla censura, attraverso l\u2019uso di omofoni che la lingua cinese consente di adottare. A far da padrone \ue8 soprattutto la sconfinata creativit\ue0 degli utenti che creano un vocabolario inedito di termini: oltre agli omofoni, sono presenti prestiti fonetici, combinazione di lettere e caratteri, espedienti sintattici e persino caratteri creati dalla fantasia degli utenti. L\u2019obiettivo \ue8 delineare il rapporto di questo linguaggio umoristico online con il linguaggio formale ufficiale, con la censura e, infine, con i vari aspetti della vita quotidiana

BIOELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE ANALYSIS AND HYPERTENSIVE DISORDERS OF PREGNANCY

Bioelectrical impedance analysis and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy Camilla Bulfoni Purpose Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (HDP) are important causes of morbidity and mortality in pregnancy. Maternal cardiovascular system adapts to pregnancy, thanks to complex physiological mechanisms that involve cardiac output, total vascular resistance and water body distribution. In absence of an adaptation of the maternal cardiovascular systems pregnancy advances, there is an increased risk of fetal growth restriction and pregnancy induced hypertension. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a non invasive technique based on the body\u2019s conduction of variable frequency to electrical current to determine total conductor volume of the body. Because water and electrolytes are the determinants of electrical conduction in the body, total body water (TWB) is easily evaluated. The aim of this study was to assess longitudinal change in body water compartments in pregnant woman and correlate to development of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Methods A total of 126 pregnant women were enrolled for this study. 118 women had a normal pregnancy (control group). The remaining 8 women development hypertension disorders during pregnancy (HDP group). Anthropometric measurements and BIA were performed during each trimester of pregnancy. Results Family history of hypertension, age, parity, % of smokers is not significantly different in HDP group compared with the control group. Body mass index, total of skinfold and waist circumference were higher in women who subsequently developed hypertension compared with controls in each trimester. TBW value in normal pregnancies showed a progressive increase throughout pregnancy. In HDP group, the increase of TBW is still significantly higher than control group. Performing ROC curve on the values of TBW were identified different cut-off for the early detection of HDP in different trimesters. In the first trimester TBW has a cut-off of 30.5 showing a sensitivity of 75% and a specificity of 52%. ( ROC area 0.66, p= 0.12) ; in the second trimester TBW has a cut-off of 34.4 showing a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 75% (ROC area 0.9, p=0.0008); better in the third trimester when TWB has a cut-off of 38,97 showing a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 92% ( ROC area 0.97, P=0.0001). Conclusions The evaluation of body composition by BIA is a practice absolutely non-invasive to the mother and the offspring and can be used for early identification of women at risk of developing hypertension

Mode of delivery and level of neonatal care in Lombardy: a descriptive analysis according to volume of care

BACKGROUND: Using data from the Hospital Discharge data-base (SDO) and from the Certificate of Delivery Assistance data-base (CedAP) we analysed mode of delivery and neonatal care in public and private hospitals in Lombardy Region during 2012. METHODS: In Lombardy a standard form is used to register all discharges from public or private hospitals (the SDO data-base which contained information on inpatient activity provided to each patient by any hospital or clinic included in the Regional Health System. Further, information on maternal characteristics and pregnancy outcome are available for all deliveries in CedAP data-base. We obtained data regarding all deliveries (mother discharge data-base M-SDO)and newborns discharge (N-SDO) and the CedAP data-base over the period January-December 2012 by the Lombardy Health Directorate. After linkage (using an anonymous key) of the three data-base using anonymized codes we obtained a data-base by the linkage of CedAP and N-SDO records, which includes, after elimination of incorrect codes, information on 90863 neonates and a data-base obtained by the linkage of CedAP and M-SDO records, which includes information on 90868 mother and deliveries. Using these data-base we have analysed mode of delivery and neonatal care in Lombardy according to the volume of care (VoC = number of delivery per year in the care unit). RESULTS: In 2012, in Lombardy, less than 3% of newborns were born in hospitals reporting less than 500 deliveries/year and less than 30% in hospitals reporting < 1000 deliveries per year. Cesarean section rate was higher in units reporting less than 1000 deliveries/year (28.7% versus 27.5% in hospitals with more than 1000 deliveries/year). In hospitals reporting 500, 500-799, 800-999 deliveries/year the percentage of preterm births with gestational age <33 weeks ranged from 0.1% to 0.2%, but was 3.4% in hospitals reporting 2500 deliveries per year or more. A total of 0.6% of newborns weighing less than 1000 grams and 3.2% of newborns with birth weight between 1000 and 1499 grams was born in hospitals which reported 1000 deliveries or more. CONCLUSIONS: This article provides an overview of delivery and neonatal care in the Lombardy Region with a focus on volume of care

Alcohol consumption and risk of uterine myoma: A systematic review and meta analysis

Background: The published data about alcohol consumption and uterine myoma are scanty and controversial: some studies found positive association whereas other studies showed no association. Objectives: To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine whether alcohol is a risk factor for myoma. Search strategy: A MEDLINE/EMBASE search was carried out, supplemented by manual searches of bibliographies of the selected studies. Selection criteria: Articles published as full-length papers in English. In the review we included all identified studies. Otherwise, the inclusion criteria for studies included in the meta-analysis were: a) case-control or cohort studies, reporting original data; b) studies reporting original data on the association between alcohol consumption and myoma; c) diagnosis of myoma was ultrasound or histological confirmed and/or clinically based. Data collection and analysis: A total of 6 studies were identified for the review and 5 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The primary outcome was the incidence of uterine myoma in ever versus never alcohol drinkers and when data were available, we also analyzed categories of alcohol intake. We assessed the outcomes in the overall population and then we performed a subgroup analysis according to study design. Pooled estimates of the odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using random effects models. Main results: The summary OR (95%CI) of myoma forever versus never alcohol intake was 1.12 (0.94-1.34) with significant heterogeneity. The summary OR for current versus never drinking was 1.33 (1.01-1.76) with no heterogeneity. Conclusions: Ever alcohol consumption is not associated with myoma risk. Based on the data of two studies, current alcohol drinkers had a slightly borderline increased risk of diagnosis of myoma. In consideration of the very limited number of studies and the suggestion of a potential increased risk among current drinkers, further studies are required

Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells in Madelung's Disease: Morphological and Functional Characterization

Madelung Disease (MD) is a syndrome characterized by the accumulation of aberrant symmetric adipose tissue deposits. The etiology of this disease is yet to be elucidated, even though the presence of comorbidities, either genetic or environmental, has been reported. For this reason, establishing an in vitro model for MD is considered crucial to get insights into its physiopathology. We previously established a protocol for isolation and culture of stem cells from diseased tissues. Therefore, we isolated human adipose-derived stem cells (ASC) from MD patients and compared these cells with those isolated from healthy subjects in terms of surface phenotype, growth kinetic, adipogenic differentiation potential, and molecular alterations. Moreover, we evaluated the ability of the MD-ASC secretome to affect healthy ASC. The results reported a difference in the growth kinetic and surface markers of MD-ASC compared to healthy ASC but not in adipogenic differentiation. The most commonly described mitochondrial mutations were not observed. Still, MD-ASC secretome was able to shift the healthy ASC phenotype to an MD phenotype. This work provides evidence of the possibility of exploiting a patient-based in vitro model for better understanding MD pathophysiology, possibly favoring the development of novel target therapies

Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome: are risk factors the same in preterm and term infants?

Objective: To analyze respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) incidence and risk factors at different gestational age. Methods: We considered data from 321 327 infants born in Lombardy, a Northern Italian Region. We computed multivariate analysis to identify risk factors for RDS by dividing infants in early- and moderate-preterm, late-preterm and term infants. Results: Low-birth weight is the main risk factor for RDS, with higher odds ratio in term births. The risk was higher in infants delivered by cesarean section and in male, for all gestational age. Pathological course of pregnancy resulted in increased risk only in late-preterm and term infants. Maternal age and multiple birth were not associated with increased risk in any group. Babies born at term after assisted conception were at higher risk of RDS. Conclusion: Our analysis suggests as some risk factors do not influence RDS incidence in the same way at different gestational age

Laparoscopic tubal salvage in an adolescent girl with bilateral isolated tubal torsion

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