Femtosecond-laser-irradiation-induced structural organization and crystallinity of Bi2WO6

Controlling the structural organization and crystallinity of functional oxides is key to enhancing their performance in technological applications. In this work, we report a strong enhancement of the structural organization and crystallinity of Bi2WO6 samples synthetized by a microwave-assisted hydrothermal method after exposing them to femtosecond laser irradiation. X-ray difraction, UVvis and Raman spectroscopies, photoluminescence emissions, energy dispersive spectroscopy, feld emission scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy were employed to characterize the as-synthetized samples. To complement and rationalize the experimental results, frstprinciples calculations were employed to study the efects of femtosecond laser irradiation. Structural and electronic efects induced by femtosecond laser irradiation enhance the long-range crystallinity while decreasing the free carrier density, as it takes place in the amorphous and liquid states. These efects can be considered a clear cut case of surface-enhanced Raman scattering

Mercado de trabajo y Estado de bienestar en España.

En un proceso continuado decreciente com- In a continual process cf increasing economic petitividad econdrnica, dentro del cual el fenó- competition *vhere the employment póchomenon meno del empleo sufre las consecuencias del mis- beares these consequences, it's really necesary mo, se hace necesario analizar la configuración te analyse Ihe configura tion of 1½ laboral market del mercado laboralysu influencia en las estruc- and his influence in the present-time publios turas públicas actuales del bienestar. structures of the welfare conception. The irnportant cuestion is te reflect what type Es decir, se trata de reflejar qué tipo de mercado de mano de obra se ha ido conformando of the labourmarket have been to configura te sin ce 1986 --Ibis date refereo' lo 1/le incorporat'bn desde 1986 --con la incorporación de España a la entonces comunidad Europea (CE)--, cuál es of Spain in the comunitary fleid--, which is the typic modeloftheindustrialrelations resulting--which el modelo de relaciones industriales resultantes del mismo (qué actitud adoptan los interlocuto- is the postura of Iba social partners and the aures sociales y los poderes públicos), y cómo in- tborífy-publica powers abouf Ibis quesfion--, and fluyen en lo que denominamos "Estado de bie- hoy' this subject influences in the ¡vallare Sta te nesíaj"' como consecuencia social para los anó lo Ibe wo'lring fa cíot trabajadores. A long time, the comunitary policies have try lo Durante estos años, las políticas comunitarias contribute employmant initiati ves right witb Iba fihan intentado aportar iniciativas de empleo acor- nancial revision and the support oía basic social structures vvelfare but it `s conditioned lo order te des con la revisión financiera y el mantenimiento Iba economicaf evolution br Ibese structures de unas estructuras sociales de bienestar imprescindibles, pero condicionadas por la evolu- would be use ful and feasible lcr the ah SIetes ción económica para que sean factibles y esa- mentbers, trom en angle of Ibe bugget balance. miNes por los Estados miembros, desde el punto de vista del equilibrio presupuestario. 1.Sin resume

Field-driven solid-on-solid interfaces moving under a stochastic Arrhenius dynamic: effects of the barrier height

We present analytical results and kinetic Monte Carlo simulations for the mobility and microscopic structure of solid-on-solid (SOS) interfaces driven far from equilibrium by an external force, such as an applied field or (electro)chemical potential difference. The interfaces evolve under a specific stochastic dynamic with a local energy barrier (an Arrhenius dynamic), known as the transition dynamics approximation (TDA). We calculate the average height of steps on the interface, the average interface velocity, and the skewness of the interface as functions of the driving force and the height of the energy barrier. We find that the microscopic interface structure depends quite strongly on the barrier height. As the barrier becomes higher, the local interface width decreases and the skewness increases, suggesting increasing short-range correlations between the step heights.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figs. RevTe

The environment as a common good in the time of globalization: its conceptualization and social perception

Landscape, Law & Justice: Proceedings from a workshop on old and new cornmons, Centre for Advanced Study, Oslo, 11-13 March 2003.It is usual to consider lhe environment as a common good, but we are far from having a clear definition of either of lhem: lhe environment and lhe common. Bolh vary according the scope of lhe analysis (world, national, regional, provincial, local), the different societies, and the diverse elements included, and so vary the social perception and action on the environment. On the other hand, new and increasing demands from lhe environment as a common good, as it is the case of preserving biodiversity or landscape among others) might clash with traditional commons. Societies face now a challenge to compatibilize traditional cornmons and the new common: the environment. In arder to study lhe idea of the environment as the new common is relevant to pay attention to legal conceptions and issues related with property rights. A conceptual and historical clarification of the sense and meaning of common is required. In this paper the conceptual problematic of lhe term common for the case of the environment is analyzed, and the change in its social perception within the process of industrialization and globalization. A case study of Navarre (Spain) show how peapie conceive Nature in terms of common good

Determination of the field-effect mobility and the density of states of a Thin-Film Transistor*

In this project we determined some basic parameters for characterizing an organic thin-film transistor (OTFT) one week after fabrication and compared them with the parameters right after fabrication, in particular the transfer characteristics, the charge carrier mobility (also known as the field-effect mobility), the activation energy, and the density of states (DOS). The material which our OTFT was made of is pentacene, a widely used organic compound in OTFT fabrication.2014/201

Microstructure and velocity of field-driven solid-on-solid interfaces moving under stochastic dynamics with local energy barriers

We study the microscopic structure and the stationary propagation velocity of (1+1)-dimensional solid-on-solid interfaces in an Ising lattice-gas model, which are driven far from equilibrium by an applied force, such as a magnetic field or a difference in (electro)chemical potential. We use an analytic nonlinear-response approximation [P.A. Rikvold and M. Kolesik, J. Stat. Phys. 100, 377 (2000)] together with kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. Here we consider interfaces that move under Arrhenius dynamics, which include a microscopic energy barrier between the allowed Ising/lattice-gas states. Two different dynamics are studied: the standard one-step dynamic (OSD) [H.C. Kang and W. Weinberg, J. Chem. Phys. 90, 2824 (1992)] and the two-step transition-dynamics approximation (TDA) [T. Ala-Nissila, J. Kjoll, and S.C. Ying, Phys. Rev. B 46, 846 (1992)]. In the OSD the effects of the applied force and the interaction energies in the model factorize in the transition rates (a soft dynamic), while in the TDA such factorization is not possible (a hard dynamic). In full agreement with previous general theoretical results we find that the local interface width under the TDA increases dramatically with the applied force. In contrast, the interface structure with the OSD is only weakly influenced by the force, in qualitative agreement with the theoretical expectations. Results are also obtained for the force-dependence and anisotropy of the interface velocity, which also show differences in good agreement with the theoretical expectations for the differences between soft and hard dynamics. Our results confirm that different stochastic interface dynamics that all obey detailed balance and the same conservation laws nevertheless can lead to radically different interface responses to an applied force.Comment: 18 pages RevTex. Minor revisions. Phys. Rev. B, in pres