Harana

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Effect of Cistanches Herba Aqueous Extract on Bone Loss in Ovariectomized Rat

To assess the ability of traditional Chinese medicine Cistanches Herba extract (CHE) to prevent bone loss in the ovariectomized (OVX) rat, Cistanches Herba extract (CHE) was administered intragastrically to the rats. Female rats were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium (40 mg kg−1, i.p.), and their ovaries were removed bilaterally. The rats in the sham-operated group were anesthetized, laparotomized, and sutured without removing their ovaries. After 1 week of recovery from surgery, the OVX rats were randomly divided into three groups and orally treated with H2O (OVX group) or CHE (100 or 200 mg kg−1 daily) for 3 months. The sham-operated group (n = 8) was orally treated with H2O. After 3 months, the total body bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC), Bone biomechanical index, blood mineral levels and blood antioxidant enzymes activities were examined in sham-operated, ovariectomized and Cistanches Herba extract treated rats. Results showed that Cistanches Herba extract treatment significantly dose-dependently enhanced bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC), maximum load, displacement at maximum load, stress at maximum load, load at auto break, displacement at auto break, and stress at auto break, and blood antioxidant enzymes activities, decreased blood Ca, Zn and Cu levels compared to the OVX group. This experiment demonstrates that the administration of Cistanches Herba extract to ovariectomized rats reverses bone loss and prevents osteoporosis

Novel Roles of Actin Binding Proteins in Listeria monocytogenes Actin-Based Motility Revealed Within a Cellular Context

Novel Roles of Actin Binding Proteins in Listeria monocytogenes Actin-Based Motility Revealed Within a Cellular ContextBy Raphael H. Buencamino Actin-based motility is essential in many biological processes from fighting harmful organisms to the development of our bodies in the correct configuration. It has been dissected to its basic parts, finding the minimal set of actin binding proteins needed to produce movement. In contrast, actin-based motility in cells allows movement at a fast pace with a diverse set of activities and structures based on the cell's immediate function within the body. We dissected the mechanism of actin-based motility in vivo and found a set of proteins whose depletion drastically changes the character and efficiency of actin based movement. We accomplished this by using Listeria monocytogenes, a pathogen that expresses one bacterial protein, ActA, that allows Listeria to hijack the host proteins necessary to move within the cell using actin-based motility. To investigate the function and role of these host actin-binding proteins in actin-based motility, in vivo, we used a form of molecular "fractionation", a powerful technique only previously available for in vitro studies. RNAi interference in the Drosophila S2 cell line provided us this form of in vivo "fractionation" by allowing selective depletion of any protein whose cellular function we wished to examine. We first examined two proteins, profilin and ADF/cofilin, whose functions have been well documented through biochemical assays and in vitro systems. We also sought to dissect actin-based motility further and determine if other actin-binding proteins are involved in its mechanism. Our hypothesis is that with over 90 actin-binding proteins implicated in actin-based motility there are other key proteins that remain uncharacterized beyond the five in the current model. Our experiments identified that CAP is an essential protein for actin-based motility in vivo. Through our investigation we also discovered that fascin and other crosslinking proteins, though not essential for motility, might serve a new unique role in regulating the speed and dynamics of Listeria and its actin tail. Our observations have allowed us to identify and dissect the protein make-up of the actin-based motility machine

PART A. MOLECULAR NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS. PART B. ENERGETIC HALOGEN REACTIONS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

A. Molecular neutron activation analysis (MoNAA) procedures were developed to determine trace quantities of DDT and its metabolites and of trimethylselenonium (TMSe) ion in urine matrix. The basic procedure involves separating the different compounds or molecules present in the sample into single chemical species employing separation techniques such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), ion exchange chromatography and solvent extraction and then analyzing the separated molecules containing radioactivable atoms in their structure by neutron activation. Confirmation analyses employing mass spectrometry were presented. Detection limits in the parts-per-billion range can be obtained employing a nuclear reactor with a neutron flux of at least 1 x 10(\u2712) neutrons cm(\u27-2) s(\u27-1). B. Reactions of (\u2780)Br activated by radiative neutron capture and (\u2782)Br activated by the reaction (\u2782m)Br(IT)(\u2782)Br were investigated in crystalline and liquid methyl bromide and liquid aqueous solutions of methyl bromide. In all systems the major labelled organic product was methyl bromide. The (\u2780)Br- and (\u2782)Br-labelled methyl bromide yields extrapolated to 0.4 (+OR-) 0.1% and 1.4 (+OR-) 0.2%, respectively, at zero solute concentration. Within experimental error these extrapolated yields correspond to methyl bromide gas phase failure-to-bond rupture values. The data suggest that the (\u2782m)Br(IT)(\u2782)Br process results in energetic bromine species in the liquid state and that Auger effect coulombic explosion model may have limited applicability to small molecules in the liquid state. Solute aggregate formation in liquid aqueous solutions of 5-bromouridine was determined by using a model which employs recoil atom tracer techniques. The populations of the associated species generated from this model were compared with those calculated employing the thermodynamic osmotic property method. The recoil atom tracer technique was also found to be applicable to the study of the populations of aggregates in the methyl halide liquid aqueous systems

El Centro de Asesoría Legal en Asuntos de la OMC (ACWL): 20 años al servicio de los países en desarrollo y de los menos adelantados

The ACWL was created 20 years ago to mitigate financial and human resource inequalities that prevented some WTO members from fully benefiting from the benefits of the multilateral trading system. The creation of the ACWL was based on the idea that the credibility and acceptability of the system can only be guaranteed if all members can participate effectively. This article explains how the ACWL provides accessible legal aid through its three services: legal advice, assistance in WTO dispute settlement procedures, and training. It assesses the extent to which these services have enabled countries eligible for ACWL services to better understand how to defend their rights and fulfill their obligations under the WTO Agreements. Finally, the document examines the challenges facing the ACWL and its future prospects.El ACWL se creó hace 20 años para atenuar a las desigualdades en recursos humanos y financieros que impedían a algunos miembros de la OMC beneficiarse plenamente de las ventajas que ofrece el sistema comercial multilateral. La creación del ACWL se basó en la idea de que la credibilidad y la aceptabilidad del sistema sólo pueden garantizarse si todos los miembros pueden participar eficazmente. Este artículo explica cómo el ACWL proporciona asistencia jurídica accesible a través de sus tres servicios: asesoramiento jurídico, asistencia en los procedimientos de solución de diferencias de la OMC y capacitación. Evalúa en qué medida estos servicios han permitido a los países que pueden optar a los servicios del ACWL comprender mejor cómo defender sus derechos y cumplir sus obligaciones en virtud de los Acuerdos de la OMC. Por último, el documento examina los retos a los que se enfrenta el ACWL y sus perspectivas de futuro

El Centro de Asesoría Legal en Asuntos de la OMC (ACWL): 20 Años al Servicio de los Países en Desarrollo y de los Menos Adelantados

The ACWL was created 20 years ago to mitigate financial and human resource inequalities that prevented some WTO members from fully benefiting from the benefits of the multilateral trading system. The creation of the ACWL was based on the idea that the credibility and acceptability of the system can only be guaranteed if all members can participate effectively. This article explains how the ACWL provides accessible legal aid through its three services: legal advice, assistance in WTO dispute settlement procedures, and training. It assesses the extent to which these services have enabled countries eligible for ACWL services to better understand how to defend their rights and fulfill their obligations under the WTO Agreements. Finally, the document examines the challenges facing the ACWL and its future prospects.El ACWL se creó hace 20 años para atenuar a las desigualdades en recursos humanos y financieros que impedían a algunos miembros de la OMC beneficiarse plenamente de las ventajas que ofrece el sistema comercial multilateral. La creación del ACWL se basó en la idea de que la credibilidad y la aceptabilidad del sistema sólo pueden garantizarse si todos los miembros pueden participar eficazmente. Este artículo explica cómo el ACWL proporciona asistencia jurídica accesible a través de sus tres servicios: asesoramiento jurídico, asistencia en los procedimientos de solución de diferencias de la OMC y capacitación. Evalúa en qué medida estos servicios han permitido a los países que pueden optar a los servicios del ACWL comprender mejor cómo defender sus derechos y cumplir sus obligaciones en virtud de los Acuerdos de la OMC. Por último, el documento examina los retos a los que se enfrenta el ACWL y sus perspectivas de futuro