Transit Partikel dan Cairan dalam Saluran Pencernaan Sapi Perah Produksi Tinggi yang Mendapat Ransum dengan Aras Konsentrat Berbeda

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The Effects of Cassava Pomace and Protected Soybean Meal on Dairy Milk Production and Quality

  The objective of the study was to determine the effect of cassava pomace and protected soybean meal on dairy milk production and quality of mid lactating dairy cows. This research was conducted at Turen, Malang from January to April 2020. Twelve lactating Friesian Holstein dairy cows were divided into 2 groups so that each group consisted of 6, namely the control and treatment groups. The feed were a combination of forage and concentrate with a ratio of 35:65 in dry matter (DM). The control group received wet concentrate with DM content of 30.58%, 14.87% CP, and 75.06% TDN, while the treatment groups received concentrate with supplementation of cassava pomace 15% of DM ratio and protected soybean meal 45 g/l milk production. The variables observed were nutrient consumption, milk production and quality. Data between the two groups were analyzed using the Independent Sample T-test. The results showed that the addition of waste cassava and protected soybean meal increased (P<0.05) nutrient consumption (DM, OM, CP, CF, EE, and TDN). Milk production in the treatment group was higher (P<0.05) than control group (9.46 vs. 6.07 Ls/head/day). Milk protein production in the treatment group was higher (P<0.05) than control group (0.37 vs. 0.21 L/head/day). The content of milk protein and milk fat between the control and treatment groups was not significantly different (respectively 3.19 Vs 3.28; 4.46 vs 4.42 %). Milk protein and fat production in the treatment group was higher (P<0.05) than control group (0.21 vs 0.37; and 0.50 vs. 0.30 L/head/day respectively). The composition of glucose and blood urea in control and treatment dairy cows were not significantly different. In conclusion, giving cassava pomace and protected soybean meal to dairy cows during mid lactation increased nutrient consumption, milk production, milk protein production, and milk fat production but did not increase percentage of milk protein and fat. The treatment also did not affect blood glucose and nitrogen urea contents.

Effect of Dietary Rumen Undegraded Protein (RUP) Level on Nutrient Intake and Digestion of Lactating Dairy Cows

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of different levels of rumen undegraded protein (RUP) in diets of lactating dairy cows on feed intake and nutrient digestion. The experiment was run according to completely randomized design with three treatments of complete feed rations containing different levels of rumen undegraded protein (RUP) and four replications for each treatment. In a digestibility trial, twelve Friesian Holstein cows were divided into three groups at each group consist of four cows and given three dietary treatments containing three levels of RUP, namely 7.43% of total crude protein /CP (P0), 8.49% of total CP (P1), and 9.45% of total CP (P2). Diets consisted of forages (King grass, Pennisetum hybrid) and concentrates at ratio of 50:50 in dry matter basis. The diets contained 18.25% CP and 61.75% total digestible nutrient (TDN). The cows fed diet (P0) were considered the control group. Drinking water was given ad libitum. This experiment was conducted for 21 days of adaptation period and seven days of collection period. In the collection period, samples of feed, refusal feed, and faecal were collected to get the chemical content includes dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), ether extract (EE), crude fiber (CF), crude protein (CP), nitrogen-free extract (NFE) and total digestible nutrients (TDN). The data obtained were processed with one-way ANOVA (analysis of variance) and the difference existed between the means (P<0.05) would be analyzed with Duncan’s new multiple range test. The results showed that cows fed diet P2 (9.45% RUP in CP) in had significantly higher feed and nutrient intake (DM, OM, CP, CF, EE, TDN) and higher DM and OM digestibility compared to the other two treatments

Pengaruh pemberian milk replacer serat kasar tinggi terhadap kinerja pedet friesian holstein=The Effect of Feeding High Level Crude Fiber Milk Replacer on the Performance ofFriesian Holstein Calves

The experiment was conducted to determine the effect of feeding high-level crude fiber milk replacer on the performance of Friesian Holstein (FH) calves. Fifteen 5-to-18 days old FH-female calves were used in the experiment and assigned randomly into three treatment groups namely group which fed whole milk (P-l), 50% whole milk to 50% milk replacer (P-2) and 100% milk replacer (P-3) respectively. Nutrient intake (DM, OM, CP, CF, EE and TDN), blood metabolite (Plasma Total Protein (TPP) and plasma blood urea) and Average Daily Gain (ADG) were observed and statistically analyzed using variance analysis of one way Completely Randomized Design (CRD) and followed by contrast orthogonal test to determine the effect among three groups. The results showed that the calves of P-3 and P-2 group consumed higher DM and OM than P-l (1,357 vs 1,639 kg/head/day1,259 vs 1,514 kg/ head/day) and statistically significant different (

Free Fatty Acid Concentration and Carboxy methyl cellulase Activity of Some Formulas of Protected Fat-proteins Tested In Vitro

The aim of this study was to determine the levels of free fatty acids and carboxymethylcellulase activity (cmc-ase) activity of some protected fat-proteins base on in vitro Tilley and Terry method. Two sources of fat, i.e. crude palm oil and fish oil and three sources of protein i.e. skim milk, soybean flour and soybean meal were used in the formulation of protected fat-protein, and thus there were six treatment combinations. The filtrate from the in vitro test was analyzed for the levels of free fatty acids and  cmcase activity. The result of this research indicates that different combinations of feed materials and fat give different content of free fatty acid in first stage and second stage in vitro, with the best results in the combination treatment of skim milk and palm oil that give the lowest result of  free fatty acid concentration in fisrt stage in vitro (0.168%) and the highest result free fatty acid concentration in second stage in vitro ( 4.312%) . The activity of CMC-ase was not influenced by different  sources of fat and protein. It can be concluded was that the protection of the combination between skim milk and CPO gives the highest protection results

THE PERFORMANCE OF MILK PRODUCTION, TOTAL MILK REVENUE AND REPRODUCTION INDICATORS ON DAIRY SMALLHOLDERS IN YOGYAKARTA AND EAST JAVA, INDONESIA

The purpose of this study was to analyze the performance of milk production, total milk revenue and reproduction indicators of Friesian Holstein Crossbred cows maintained under smallholder’s management system of 122 cows in DIY Province and 345 cows in East Java Province, Indonesia. The study was conducted with survey method and direct observation. A total of 180 Friesian Holstein Crossbred farmers (90 farmers were in DIY and another 90 farmers were from East Java Province) was randomly selected and interviewed used structured questionnaire to assess the milk production, total milk revenue and indicators of reproduction of Friesian Holstein Crossbred cows. The result of the study showed that the average mature equivalent of milk production was 3,810.21±920.10 L/lactation in DIY and 3,717.79±818.44 L/lactation in East Java Province, and the total milk revenue was 12,401,917.87±2.48 IDR per lactation in DIY and 14,647,217.80±3.05 IDR per lactation in East Java Province; day to first mating (postpartum mating), services per conception and days open were 62.34±29.24 days, 2.60±1.32 and 88.58±34.43 days in DIY and 60.62±23.07 days, 2.46±1.26 and 88.67±28.86 days in East Java Province. Based on total milk revenue, the conclusion of this study was Friesian Holstein Crossbred cows maintained under smallholder’s management system in East Java Province better than those in Yogyakarta province (DIY). The mature equivalent of milk production and reproduction indicators of dairy cows (postpartum mating, service per conception and days open) from both provinces showed no significant differences and the value of each parameter reproduction indicators is still within the normal range

EVALUATION OF FRIESIAN HOLSTEIN GRADE COWS FERTILITY BASED THE LEVEL OF MILK UREA

This study was conducted to evaluate fertility grade of Friesian Holstein cows based on milk urea levels. A number of eight cows which fulfill the criteria of not pregnant and in second to sixth lactation, produced milk of 2.5 liters/day, and body weight ranging from 400-450 kg were used in this research. The cows were given fodder that consisted of 30 kg of forage and 10 kg of a mixture of concentrate (pollard, pulp out, and molasses), in the morning and afternoon. Milk and blood samples were taken once a week for five weeks in the morning before fed. Milk urea levels were measured using the urea FS (DiaSys) and blood samples were tested using enzyme linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA) with the progesterone hormone kit (DRG, Germany). The variables measured were pregnancy rate, service per conception (S/C), days open, and progesterone levels. Reproduction and milk urea levels data were analyzed by linear regression to determine the relationship between two variables. Progesterone data were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that the average calving interval, days open, and S/C were 607.5±170.27 days; 341.25±187.65 days; and 2.41±2.32 days, respectively. The average of milk urea levels was 14.16±2.55 mg/dL. Regression analysis showed a significant effect (P0.05) and negative correlation between milk urea level and S/C. The average of non-pregnant progesterone hormone level was 12.04±7.13 ng/mL. In conclusion, the fertility grade of Friesian Holstein cows decreased when the milk urea level at 14.16 mg/dL and non-pregnant progesterone at 12.04±7.13 ng/mL

Pengaruh Penjemuran terhadap Kenyamanan dan Kinerja Produksi Sapi Peranakan Ongole (The Effects of Sun-Bathing on the Ongole Crossbred Cattle’s Comfort and Performances)

This experiment was conducted to observe the effects of sun-bathing on the Ongole Crossbred cattle’s comfort and performances. Eight heads of 1.5–2 years aged Ongole crossbreed bulls were divided into two groups. All of cattle were white in color. The first group was sun-bathed at 07.00–11.00 am. The second group (control) was raised in the barn whole day. The experiment was held for 90 days. The data collected were environmental conditions (air temperature and humidity, wind speed, and light intensity), physiological conditions, behaviors, feed intake, digestibility, average daily gain and feed conversion. The data was analyzed by student-t test. The result showed that there were no significant differences on humidity, win speed, and light intensity in both places at 07.00–11.00 am. The temperature on the sunbathing place at 09.00 am. was significantly higher (P<0.05) than that in the barn. The pulse rate on the second group was higher (P<0.01) than the first group. There were no significant differences of rectal temperature and respiration frequency on both groups. There were no significant differences behaviors except ruminating duration of the first group was longer (P<0.01). There were no significant differences on feed intake, digestibility, average daily gain, and feed conversion on both groups. It was concluded that sun-bathing gave comfortable environment for cattle, but did not affect on the cattle’s performance. (Key words: Cattle, Sun-bathing, Comfort, Performance

Effect of galangal essential oils on rumen microbial population and biodiversity on in vitro rumen fermentation

The study aimed to evaluate the effect of administering galangal essential oil (EO) on the abundance of rumen bacteria using the 16s rRNA method. The treatments included a control (no EO addition), galangal EO (30, 60, 120 µL), and cineole (5 µL). The treatments were assessed using a 48‐hour in vitro batch culture of rumen fluid containing a 60:40 ratio of forage to concentrate. For amplification of the prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) in region V4, 16s rRNA primer 5’GTGCCAGCMGCCGCGTAA, GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT3’ was employed. The data for rumen microbial abundance were analysed descriptively, while the data for rumen microbial diversity were obtained from the report on the Next Generation Sequencing Method. The microbial composition of each sample was tested for operational taxonomic units (OTUs) with a 97% identity rate on a valid label. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing yielded a total of 3,977 OTUs. Adding galangal and cineole EOs resulted in the same variation of the Shannon index. The population index (chao1 index) was highest when 60 µL of galangal EO was added, compared to 30 and 120 µL of galangal EO and cineole. In addition, providing 60 µL of galangal EO decreased the abundance of Prevotella ruminicola compared to the control and cineole doses. The addition of galangal EO also led to a decline in the number of Methanobacteriales. The population of the fibre‐degrading bacteria group (Ruminococcus albus and Ruminococcus flavefaciens) was higher in a dose of galangal EO than the control and cineole. Therefore, it can be concluded that the effective dose of galangal EO, i.e. 60 µL/300 mg (DM feed) in vitro, can reduce the abundance of Prevotella bacteria and methanogens

The Effect of Nutmeg Leaves Tannin (Myristica fragrans Houtt) as Protein Protecting Agents on In Vitro Nutrient Digestibility

This experiment was aimed to study the effect of nutmeg leaf tannin addition on in vitro nutrient digestibility. Treatments in this experiment consisted of: P0 (control without tannin), P1 (feed + 2% tannin) and P2 (feed + 4% tannin). Feed for fermentation substrate consisted of Pennisetum purpureum and soybean meal with ratio 60:40. Fermentation was carried out using Tilley and Terry two stages in vitro technique for 48 hours. Variables measured were the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein in the rumen as well as the total digestive tract digestibility based on in vitro technique. The data obtained were analyzed by One Way ANOVA, and followed by the Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The results showed that rumen dry matter digestibility was lower (P0.05) in the total dry matter digestibility of P0, P1, and P2 (74.88±5.28, 67.70±3.21, and 64.83±4.96). Organic matter digestibility in the rumen was also lower (P0.05) in total organic matter digestibility from P0, P1, and P2 (64.69±6.44, 64.33±6.34, and 61.20±5.11). The digestibility of crude protein in the rumen at P1 and P2 (45.48±5.12 and 38.47±3.44) was also significantly lower (P0.05). Addition of tannin leaf nutmeg 2% optimally reduced rumen dry matter and crude protein digestibility without causing excessive negative impact on results of in vitro digestibility, so it can be used as a protective agent protein feed