Novel Insights into the Downstream Pathways and Targets Controlled by Transcription Factors CREM in the Testis

The essential role of the Crem gene in normal sperm development is widely accepted and is confirmed by azoospermia in male mice lacking the Crem gene. The exact number of genes affected by Crem absence is not known, however a large difference has been observed recently between the estimated number of differentially expressed genes found in Crem knock-out (KO) mice compared to the number of gene loci bound by CREM. We therefore re-examined global gene expression in male mice lacking the Crem gene using whole genome transcriptome analysis with Affymetrix microarrays and compared the lists of differentially expressed genes from Crem−/− mice to a dataset of genes where binding of CREM was determined by Chip-seq. We determined the global effect of CREM on spermatogenesis as well as distinguished between primary and secondary effects of the CREM absence. We demonstrated that the absence of Crem deregulates over 4700 genes in KO testis. Among them are 101 genes associated with spermatogenesis 41 of which are bound by CREM and are deregulated in Crem KO testis. Absence of several of these genes in mouse models has proven their importance for normal spermatogenesis and male fertility. Our study showed that the absence of Crem plays a more important role on different aspects of spermatogenesis as estimated previously, with its impact ranging from apoptosis induction to deregulation of major circadian clock genes, steroidogenesis and the cell-cell junction dynamics. Several new genes important for normal spermatogenesis and fertility are down-regulated in KO testis and are therefore possible novel targets of CREM

Sex differences in mood disorders: Perspectives from humans and rodent models

Mood disorders are devastating, often chronic illnesses characterized by low mood, poor affect, and anhedonia. Notably, mood disorders are approximately twice as prevalent in women compared to men. If sex differences in mood are due to underlying biological sex differences, a better understanding of the biology is warranted to develop better treatment or even prevention of these debilitating disorders. In this review, our goals are to: 1) summarize the literature related to mood disorders with respect to sex differences in prevalence, 2) introduce the corticolimbic brain network of mood regulation, 3) discuss strategies and challenges of modeling mood disorders in mice, 4) discuss mechanisms underlying sex differences and how these can be tested in mice, and 5) discuss how our group and others have used a translational approach to investigate mechanisms underlying sex differences in mood disorders in humans and mice

Novel Insights into the Downstream Pathways and Targets Controlled by Transcription Factors CREM in the Testis

The essential role of the Crem gene in normal sperm development is widely accepted and is confirmed by azoospermia in male mice lacking the Crem gene. The exact number of genes affected by Crem absence is not known, however a large difference has been observed recently between the estimated number of differentially expressed genes found in Crem knock-out (KO) mice compared to the number of gene loci bound by CREM. We therefore re-examined global gene expression in male mice lacking the Crem gene using whole genome transcriptome analysis with Affymetrix microarrays and compared the lists of differentially expressed genes from Crem−/− mice to a dataset of genes where binding of CREM was determined by Chip-seq. We determined the global effect of CREM on spermatogenesis as well as distinguished between primary and secondary effects of the CREM absence. We demonstrated that the absence of Crem deregulates over 4700 genes in KO testis. Among them are 101 genes associated with spermatogenesis 41 of which are bound by CREM and are deregulated in Crem KO testis. Absence of several of these genes in mouse models has proven their importance for normal spermatogenesis and male fertility. Our study showed that the absence of Crem plays a more important role on different aspects of spermatogenesis as estimated previously, with its impact ranging from apoptosis induction to deregulation of major circadian clock genes, steroidogenesis and the cell-cell junction dynamics. Several new genes important for normal spermatogenesis and fertility are down-regulated in KO testis and are therefore possible novel targets of CREM

Proteins affecting actin and microtubule dynamics in testis.

<p>Proteins affecting actin and microtubule dynamics in testis.</p

Euler diagrams representing genes from different datasets.

<p>Euler diagrams were drawn to visualize the comparisons of genes from different datasets. The size of the circles corresponds to the number of genes present in each dataset. Three comparisons were made in order to retrieve the data for further functional analysis of DE genes.</p

Data comparison.

<p>Differentially expressed (DE) genes were compared to the Crem ChIP-seq dataset from Martianov <i>et al </i><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0031798#pone.0031798-Martianov1" target="_blank">[9]</a> from 2010 (dataset of genes that are bound by <i>Crem</i> in testis), the Affymetrix MG U 74A dataset from Beissbarth <i>et al </i><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0031798#pone.0031798-Beissbarth1" target="_blank">[8]</a> from 2003 (dataset of DE genes between WT and KO mice testis) and the TFCat dataset from Fulton <i>et al </i><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0031798#pone.0031798-Fulton1" target="_blank">[38]</a> (a hand curated database of transcriptional factors). <b>A</b> – DE genes that are bound by <i>Crem</i>; <b>B</b> – DE genes that are transcriptional factors; <b>C</b> – DE genes that are transcriptional factors bound by <i>Crem</i>; <b>D</b>, <b>E</b> and <b>F</b> are genes common to both analysis using Affymetrix microarrays. Numbers represent the number of genes in each dataset or the number of common genes between comparisons.</p

Steroidogenesis, melatonin and the circadian clock.

<p>Our data showed that several genes involved in steroid hormone synthesis (<i>Cyp11a1</i>, <i>Hsd17b3</i>, <i>Hsd3b6</i>, <i>Srd5a1</i>) and cholesterol transport (<i>Star</i>, <i>Tsop</i>, <i>Scp2</i>) are up-regulated in testes of <i>Crem</i> KO mice. On the other hand genes involved in the production of estrogens (<i>Cyp19a1</i>) and up-take of cholesterol (<i>Scarb1</i> and <i>Lipe</i>) are down-regulated. Many of these genes are under the control of both circadian factors (<i>Bmal1</i> and <i>Per1</i>) and the hormone melatonin. Melatonin can exert its effect either through the membrane receptor <i>Mtnr1a</i> or inside the cells through yet unresolved ways. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0031798#pone-0031798-g006" target="_blank">Figure 6</a> also depicts the regulation of melatonin synthesis in the pineal gland. Here the main regulatory enzyme of melatonin synthesis <i>Aanat</i> is activated by phosphorylated CREB and inhibited by ICER, which in absent <i>Crem</i> KO animals.</p

qPCR data validation.

<p>Several genes involved in different processes were measured by qPCR in order to determine expression levels and to validate the data gathered by DNA microarrays.</p

Cell-cell junctions.

<p>Two cell-cell junctions present between Sertoli and germ cells are presented: A - desmosome-like junctions and B - Ectoplasmic specialization. In DJ the down regulation of desmoglein and plakoglobin could lead to destabilization and separation of germ cells from Sertoli cells as seen by <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0031798#pone.0031798-Blendy1" target="_blank">[16]</a>. B - Apical EC are present between elongating or elongated spermatids and Sertoli cells. Down regulation of both germ and Sertoli specific nectin as well as its adaptor proteins that connect it to F-actin shows destabilization of the ES junction complex.</p