The effect of maximal vs submaximal exertion on postprandial lipid levels in individuals with and without coronary heart disease

Background: Decisions about fat consumption and levels of physical activity are among the everyday choices we make in life and risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) can be affected by those choices. Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of a standard fat load combined with physical exertion of different intensities on the plasma lipid profile of CHD patients and CHD-free individuals. Methods: This study looked at the influence of different intensities of physical exercise on postprandial lipid metabolism in 20 healthy men and 36 men with diagnosis of CHD. Venous blood samples were obtained after overnight fasting, 3 hours after standard fat load (before the physical load), and immediately after maximal or submaximal physical exercise on bicycle ergometer. Results: After fat load total cholesterol (TC) concentration did not change in either group. However, after the addition of maximal exercise, TC, triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and apolipoprotein (Apo) B increased significantly (P < .01) in both groups. After fat load and maximal exercise, there was no change in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in healthy men, but in men with CHD, HDL-C fell significantly (P < .01); and Apo AI rose in healthy men (P < .01) but dropped significantly (P < .01) in men with CHD. Submaximal physical exercise (60% of max VO2 load for 40 minutes) after fat load decreased TG level in CHD patients (P < .01) and improved other lipid parameters in both groups significantly (↓LDL-C, ↑HDL-C, ↑Apo AI, ↓Apo B, P < .01). We observed a worsening of physical work capacity in men with CHD (significant reduction of duration and total amount of work performed, maximal VO2, oxygen pulse), during maximal stress test performed 3 hours after fat load. There was a doubling of the number of abnormal stress test results (P < .01). Healthy persons showed an increase in respiratory parameters (ventilation, CO2 production, maximal VO2, and oxygen pulse), but no significant change was found in work capacity. Thus, maximal physical exercise produced atherogenic blood lipid changes (increased TC, increased LDL-C, increased TG, increased Apo B, P < .01) in men with CHD and in healthy men; however, individuals with CHD also demonstrated a significant decrease in HDL-C and Apo AI (P < .01). In contrast, the submaximal physical load improved postprandial lipid changes in both healthy men and men with CHD. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that moderate exercise is beneficial in improving postprandial lipid abnormalities in both CHD and CHD-free subjects after fatty meal preload. In addition, maximal exercise demonstrated evidence of increase of lipid abnormalities in both CHD and CHD-free individuals under similar conditions of fatty meal preload

Research on modeling the technology of processing anthropogenic old tailings of Primorsky Concentrating Factory

The possibility of processing old tailings of the Primorsky Concentrating Factory (PCF) has been assessed. The average mass fraction of WO3 is 0.08%, Cu is 0.052%, the average content of Au is 0.38 ppm, Ag is 1.1 ppm. The grain size of scheelite and chalcopyrite is from 0.03 mm and below. Basically, intergrowths of scheelite are in quartz, less often is in pyroxene, chalcopyrite is in pyrrhotite, less often is in quartz. The results of experimental studies of the washability of secondary mineral material using flotation and gravity beneficiation methods are presented. The possibility of intensifying the flotation process of concentration using a Pneuflot® flotation machine was investigated. The recovery of scheelite at the same degree of concentration using a Pneuflot® flotation machine is 16.5% higher compared to the standard mechanical flotation machine, mainly due to the more efficient flotation (1.5 times) of sludge (-15+0 μm). Flotation of the sand fraction of old tailings (SFOT) in a Pneuflot® flotation machine showed an opportunity of scheelite recovery into enriched concentrate of rough flotation from -44+15 microns material by 82%, and -15+0 microns (from sludge) by 75% of those classes, the case being for the mechanical machine (volume 3 l) – 77% and 49% of those classes, respectively. The content of the obtained flotation concentrate corresponds to the quality of the feed of rough scheelite flotation at PCF (at a concentration degree of 8.5 in the enriched product, the scheelite recovery was 69%), enabling to integrate it to the technological scheme of PFC. According to the combined gravity-flotation concentration scheme, a conditioned scheelite concentrate with a mass fraction of 70.9% WO3 was obtained, throughout recovery being 57.3%

Biosynthesis of Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-co-3-Hydroxyvalerate) by Cupriavidus necator B-10646 from Mixtures of Oleic Acid and 3-Hydroxyvalerate Precursors

Полигидроксиалканоаты (ПГА) привлекают большое внимание в качестве биоразлагаемой альтернативы синтетическим пластикам. Сополимер поли(3- гидроксибутират-со-3-гидроксивалерат) [П(3ГБ-со-3ГВ)] является одним из наиболее охарактеризованных сополимеров ПГА из-за его высокого коммерческого потенциала. Однако применение ПГА, и в частности П(3ГБ-со-3ГВ), ограничено их высокой ценой. Одним из подходов к снижению стоимости производства ПГА является использование недорогих источников углерода (жирных кислот, растительных масел и др). Целью этой работы было исследование синтеза сополимера П(3ГБ-со-3ГВ) бактериями Cupriavidus necator B-10646, культивируемыми на олеиновой кислоте с разными биохимическими предшественниками 3ГВ. Бактерии выращивали в течение 72 ч в термостатируемом шейкере-инкубаторе при 30 °C и 200 об/мин. В качестве предшественников 3ГВ использовали соли пропионовой или валериановой кислоты. Содержание и состав полимера определяли газовой хроматографией метиловых эфиров жирных кислот. Липиды и полимер экстрагировали из биомассы по методу Фолча. Добавление пропионата и валерата калия не ингибировало рост бактерий и синтез полимера. Урожай биомассы и содержание полимера составляло соответственно 9,3-9,5 г/л и 80-83 % от веса сухой биомассы. Использование валерата или пропионата калия привело к синтезу бактериями сополимера П(3ГБ-со-3ГВ) с включением 3ГВ соответственно 21,2 и 14,3 мол. %. Среднечисловая молекулярная масса (Мч) полимера, синтезируемого бактериями при росте исключительно на олеиновой кислоте, составляла 220 кДа, полидисперсность полимера – 3,5. Полимер, синтезируемый в присутствии пропионата или валерата калия, характеризовался более низкой Мч (156-178 кДа) и более высокой полидиперсностью (4,4-4,9). Основными жирными кислотами (ЖК) внутриклеточных липидов бактерий, культивируемых только на олеиновой кислоте, были олеиновая (33,26 % от суммы ЖК) и пальмитиновая кислоты (27,48 % от суммы ЖК). Добавление пропионата или валерата калия не привело к значительным изменениям в составе ЖК внутриклеточных липидов исследуемого штамма. Таким образом, показана способность C. necator B-10646 синтезировать П(3ГБ-со-3ГВ) при росте на смеси из олеиновой кислоты и предшественников 3ГВ. Полученные данные могут быть использованы для разработки и осуществления экономически обоснованного процесса производства П(3ГБ-со-3ГВ)Polyhydroxyalkanoates have attracted much attention as biodegradable alternative to petroleum-based synthetic plastics. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) [P(3HB-co-3HV)] copolymer is one of the best characterized PHA copolymers because of its high commercial potential. However, commercial use of PHAs has been limited by their high price. One approach to reducing the cost of PHA production is to use inexpensive carbon sources (fatty acids, plant oils, etc.). The aim of this work was to study synthesis of P(3HB-co-3HV) by the Cupriavidus necator B-10646 bacterium grown on oleic acid and different biochemical precursors of 3HV. Bacterial cells were grown for 72 h at 30°C and 200 rpm on an incubator shaker. Salts of propionic or valeric acids were used as precursors of 3HV. The content and the composition of the polymer were determined by gas chromatography of fatty acid methyl esters. Lipids and polymer were extracted from biomass using the method of Folch. The addition of potassium propionate and valerate did not inhibit bacterial growth and polymer synthesis, the cell concentration and polymer content reaching 9.3-9.5 g/L and 80-83%, respectively. The addition of potassium valerate or propionate led to the synthesis of (P(3HB-co-3HV)) copolymer containing 21.2 and 14.3 mol% of 3HV, respectively. The number average molecular weight (Mn) of the polymer synthesized by the bacterium on oleic acid alone was 220 kDa; the polydispersity of the polymer was 3.5. The polymer synthesized in the presence of potassium valerate and propionate was characterized by a lower Mn (156-178 kDa) and a higher polydispersity of the polymer (4.4-4.9). The main fatty acids (FA) of intracellular lipids were oleic (33.26% of the total FA) and palmitic acid (27.48% of the total FA). The addition of potassium propionate or valerate did not cause any significant changes in the composition of the FA of intracellular lipids of the strain studied. This study demonstrates the ability of C. necator B-10646 to synthesize P(3HB-co-3HV) from mixtures of oleic acid and 3HV precursors. The data obtained can be used to develop and implement an economically feasible process of the P(3HB-co-3HV) productio

Synthesis and Properties of Ethylene/propylene and Ethylene/propylene/5-ethylidene-2-norbornene Copolymers Obtained on Rac-Et(2-MeInd)2ZrMe2/Isobutylaluminium Aryloxide Catalytic Systems

Ethylene/propylene (E/P) and ethylene/propylene/5-ethylidene-2-norbornene (E/P/ENB) copolymers were obtained on rac-Et(2-MeInd)2ZrMe2 activated by a number of isobutylaluminium aryloxides: (2,6-tBu2PhO-)AliBu2 (1-DTBP) (2,6-tBu2,4-Me-PhO-)AliBu2 (1-BHT), (2,4,6-tBu2PhO-)AliBu2 (1-TTBP), (2,6-tBu2,4-Me-PhO-)2AliBu (2-BHT), (2,6-tBu2PhO-)2AliBu (2-DTBP), [(2-Me,6-tBu-C6H3O)AliBu2]2 (1-MTBP), [(2,6-Ph2-PhO)AliBu2]2 (1-DPP). This study shows how the structure of an activator influences catalytic activity and polymer properties, such as the copolymer composition, molecular weight characteristics, and thermophysical and mechanical properties. It has been shown that both the introduction of a bulky substituent in the para-position of the aryloxy group and the additional aryloxy group in the structure of an activator lead to a significant decrease in activity of the catalytic system in all studied copolymerization processes. Moreover, activation by bulkier aryloxides leads to lower levels of comonomer insertion and gives rise to higher molecular weight polymers. Broad or multiple endothermic peaks with different values of melting points are observed on the DSC curves of the copolymers obtained with different catalytic systems. The DSC of the thermally fractionated samples makes it possible to reveal the heterogeneity of the copolymer microstructure, which manifests itself in the presence of a set of lamellar crystallites of different thickness. The results also present the mechanical properties of the copolymers, such as the tensile strength (&sigma;), elongation at break (&epsilon;), and engineering strain (EL). The synthesized E/P and E/P/ENB copolymers contain about 1&ndash;4 wt.% of the sterically hindered phenols obtained in situ as a residue of the hydrolyzed activators in the course of reaction quenching. This determines the increased thermooxidative stability of the copolymers

Effect of a Recombinant Human Soluble Thrombomodulin on Mortality in Patients With Sepsis-Associated Coagulopathy The SCARLET Randomized Clinical Trial

Importance: Previous research suggested that soluble human recombinant thrombomodulin may reduce mortality among patients with sepsis-associated coagulopathy. Objective: To determine the effect of human recombinant thrombomodulin vs placebo on 28-day all-cause mortality among patients with sepsis-associated coagulopathy. Design, Setting, and Participants: The SCARLET trial was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multinational, multicenter phase 3 study conducted in intensive care units at 159 sites in 26 countries. All adult patients admitted to one of the participating intensive care units between October 2012 and March 2018 with sepsis-associated coagulopathy and concomitant cardiovascular and/or respiratory failure, defined as an international normalized ratio greater than 1.40 without other known etiology and a platelet count in the range of 30 to 150 × 10 9/L or a greater than 30% decrease in platelet count within 24 hours, were considered for inclusion. The final date of follow-up was February 28, 2019. Interventions: Patients with sepsis-associated coagulopathy were randomized and treated with an intravenous bolus or a 15-minute infusion of thrombomodulin (0.06 mg/kg/d [maximum, 6 mg/d]; n = 395) or matching placebo (n = 405) once daily for 6 days. Main Outcome and Measures: The primary end point was 28-day all-cause mortality. Results: Among 816 randomized patients, 800 (mean age, 60.7 years; 437 [54.6%] men) completed the study and were included in the full analysis set. In these patients, the 28-day all-cause mortality rate was not statistically significantly different between the thrombomodulin group and the placebo group (106 of 395 patients [26.8%] vs 119 of 405 patients [29.4%], respectively; P =.32). The absolute risk difference was 2.55% (95% CI, -3.68% to 8.77%). The incidence of serious major bleeding adverse events (defined as any intracranial hemorrhage; life-threatening bleeding; or bleeding event classified as serious by the investigator, with administration of at least 1440 mL [typically 6 units] of packed red blood cells over 2 consecutive days) was 23 of 396 patients (5.8%) in the thrombomodulin group and 16 of 404 (4.0%) in the placebo group. Conclusions and Relevance: Among patients with sepsis-associated coagulopathy, administration of a human recombinant thrombomodulin, compared with placebo, did not significantly reduce 28-day all-cause mortality. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01598831

Effect of a Recombinant Human Soluble Thrombomodulin on Mortality in Patients With Sepsis-Associated Coagulopathy The SCARLET Randomized Clinical Trial

Importance: Previous research suggested that soluble human recombinant thrombomodulin may reduce mortality among patients with sepsis-associated coagulopathy. Objective: To determine the effect of human recombinant thrombomodulin vs placebo on 28-day all-cause mortality among patients with sepsis-associated coagulopathy. Design, Setting, and Participants: The SCARLET trial was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multinational, multicenter phase 3 study conducted in intensive care units at 159 sites in 26 countries. All adult patients admitted to one of the participating intensive care units between October 2012 and March 2018 with sepsis-associated coagulopathy and concomitant cardiovascular and/or respiratory failure, defined as an international normalized ratio greater than 1.40 without other known etiology and a platelet count in the range of 30 to 150 × 10 9/L or a greater than 30% decrease in platelet count within 24 hours, were considered for inclusion. The final date of follow-up was February 28, 2019. Interventions: Patients with sepsis-associated coagulopathy were randomized and treated with an intravenous bolus or a 15-minute infusion of thrombomodulin (0.06 mg/kg/d [maximum, 6 mg/d]; n = 395) or matching placebo (n = 405) once daily for 6 days. Main Outcome and Measures: The primary end point was 28-day all-cause mortality. Results: Among 816 randomized patients, 800 (mean age, 60.7 years; 437 [54.6%] men) completed the study and were included in the full analysis set. In these patients, the 28-day all-cause mortality rate was not statistically significantly different between the thrombomodulin group and the placebo group (106 of 395 patients [26.8%] vs 119 of 405 patients [29.4%], respectively; P =.32). The absolute risk difference was 2.55% (95% CI, -3.68% to 8.77%). The incidence of serious major bleeding adverse events (defined as any intracranial hemorrhage; life-threatening bleeding; or bleeding event classified as serious by the investigator, with administration of at least 1440 mL [typically 6 units] of packed red blood cells over 2 consecutive days) was 23 of 396 patients (5.8%) in the thrombomodulin group and 16 of 404 (4.0%) in the placebo group. Conclusions and Relevance: Among patients with sepsis-associated coagulopathy, administration of a human recombinant thrombomodulin, compared with placebo, did not significantly reduce 28-day all-cause mortality. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01598831