195 research outputs found
Prime editing in zebrafish and Atlantic salmon : exploring a new CRISPR technique in non-mammalian species
The CRISPR-Cas system has enabled precise genome editing in a multitude of
organisms, and gene knockout experiments can now be done with relative ease due to
the simplicity of the system. However, unintended genomic side-effects of such editing
have surfaced in the last couple of years.
In this thesis, the CRISPR-based genome editing system prime editing was explored as
an alternative gene knockout approach to avoid the unintended editing outcomes seen
in the wake of regular CRISPR-Cas editing. Prime editing was applied to zebrafish
(Danio rerio) by microinjection of RNP complexes and to Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)
cells by electroporation of plasmids and RNP complexes.
No successful prime editing outcomes was observed in zebrafish. Low survival rate of
both microinjected and uninjected embryos remained an obstacle throughout the
project, and should be addressed before continuing zebrafish prime editing
experiments. Prime editing of Atlantic salmon cells using plasmids did not produce any
positive results. Prime editing with RNP complexes in Atlantic salmon cells showed
signs of successful editing, but results remains inconclusive as further analysis is
needed to properly validate the editing outcomes from this experiment.CRISPR-Cas har muliggjort presis redigering av genomer i en rekke organsimer, og kan brukes til Ä relativt enkelt slÄ ut gener for ulike formÄl. Til tross for at det er en presis og effektiv metode for genomredigering, har utilsiktede konsekvenser av bruk av CRISPRCas9 kommet til overflaten de siste Ärene.
I denne oppgaven ble det CRISPR-baserte genomredigeringsverktÞyet prime editing utforsket, for Ä se om det kan fungere som en alternativ metode for Ä slÄ ut gener og unngÄ de utilsiktede konsevensene som kan oppstÄ i kjÞlvannet av vanlig CRISPR-Casredigering. Prime editing ble brukt i zebrafisk (Danio rerio) ved mikroinjesering av RNP-komplekser og i lakseceller (Salmo salar), ved elektroporering av plasmider og
RNP-komplekser.
Bruk av prime editing i zebrafisk ga ingen positive resultater. Lav overlevelsesrate for bÄde mikroinjesert fisk og uinjeserte kontroller var et vedvarende problem under prosjektet, og bÞr adresseres fÞr videre forsÞk med prime editing fortsetter. Prime editing-redigering av lakseceller ved elektroporering av plasmider ga ingen positive resultater. Resultatene fra prime editing-redigering med RNP-komplekser i lakseceller virker lovende, men det er for tidlig Ä kunne konkludere da videre analyser trengs for Ä kunne bekrefte resultatene.M-G
Rusmidler i Norge 2011
Rusmidler i Norge inneholder oppdaterte tabeller om forbruk, Þkonomi, kriminalitet, skadevirkninger og behandling knyttet bÄde til alkohol-, narkotika-, legemiddel- og tobakksbruk. Nytt av Äret er blant annet tall fra sprÞyterommet i Oslo.
Utgitt i over 20 Ă„r
Det er over 20 Är siden den fÞrste utgaven av Rusmidler i Norge kom ut, og SIRUS har hvert Är siden gitt ut et hefte med fersk rusmiddelstatistikk. Tallmaterialet er hentet fra offentlig statistikk og SIRUSŽ egne undersÞkelser. For Ä gjÞre statistikken tilgjengelig i en internasjonal sammenheng, presenteres all tekst ogsÄ pÄ engelsk.
RusStat - statistikk pÄ nett
Alle tabeller er ogsÄ lagt ut i SIRUSŽ nettbaserte statistikkdatabase - RusStat. Basen blir oppdatert etter hvert som nytt tallmateriale kommer inn. Her finnes ogsÄ lengre tidsserier pÄ mange omrÄder, bl.a. omsetning av alkohol i Norge fra 1800-tallet til i dag
OpenIaC: open infrastructure as code - the network is my computer
Modern information systems are built fron a complex composition of networks, infrastructure, devices, services, and applications, interconnected by data flows that are often private and financially sensitive. The 5G networks, which can create hyperlocalized services, have highlighted many of the deficiencies of current practices in use today to create and operate information systems. Emerging cloud computing techniques, such as Infrastructure-as-Code (IaC) and elastic computing, offer a path for a future re-imagining of how we create, deploy, secure, operate, and retire information systems. In this paper, we articulate the position that a comprehensive new approach is needed for all OSI layers from layer 2 up to applications that are built on underlying principles that include reproducibility, continuous integration/continuous delivery, auditability, and versioning. There are obvious needs to redesign and optimize the protocols from the network layer to the application layer. Our vision seeks to augment existing Cloud Computing and Networking solutions with support for multiple cloud infrastructures and seamless integration of cloud-based microservices. To address these issues, we propose an approach named Open Infrastructure as Code (OpenIaC), which is an attempt to provide a common open forum to integrate and build on advances in cloud computing and blockchain to address the needs of modern information architectures. The main mission of our OpenIaC approach is to provide services based on the principles of Zero Trust Architecture (ZTA) among the federation of connected resources based on Decentralized Identity (DID). Our objectives include the creation of an open-source hub with fine-grained access control for an open and connected infrastructure of shared resources (sensing, storage, computing, 3D printing, etc.) managed by blockchains and federations. Our proposed approach has the potential to provide a path for developing new platforms, business models, and a modernized information ecosystem necessary for 5G networks.publishedVersio
Rusmidler i Norge 2009
Rusmidler i Norge inneholder oppdaterte tabeller om forbruk, Ăžkonomi, kriminalitet, skadevirkninger og behandling knyttet bĂ„de til alkohol-, narkotika-, legemiddel- og tobakksbruk. Ă
rets utgave er fÞrste gang der ogsÄ tobakkstall er med i statistikkoversikten
Evaluating the Cloud-RAN architecture: functional splitting and switched Ethernet Xhaul
The Cloud-RAN architecture is a key enabler to
building future mobile networks in a flexible and cost-efficient way. For instance, switched Ethernet is a prime candidate for mobile transport networks (Xhaul), due to its flexibility, ubiquity, and cost-effectiveness. Understanding its performance under different network configurations would allow concluding about its appeal for Cloud-RAN. On the other hand, evaluating resource
sharing mechanisms is relevant to put in place best solutions to host multiple virtual Base Band Units (vBBUs) into the same compute infrastructure. This paper assesses the feasibility of using a switched Ethernet Xhaul, by instantiating two BBUsusing different functional splits. Moreover, this paper evaluates two mec general purpose server (GPS) hosting vBBUs. Our results point
to a marginal performance degradation caused by the switched Ethernet Xhaul and the NIC sharing mechanisms. Such deviations could be seen from the increase in average and maximum Jitter and RTT results
Assessing the Cloud-RAN in the Linux Kernel: Sharing Computing and Network Resources
Cloud-based Radio Access Network (Cloud-RAN) leverages virtualization to enable the
coexistence of multiple virtual Base Band Units (vBBUs) with collocated workloads on a single
edge computer, aiming for economic and operational efficiency. However, this coexistence can cause
performance degradation in vBBUs due to resource contention. In this paper, we conduct an empirical
analysis of vBBU performance on a Linux RT-Kernel, highlighting the impact of resource sharing with
user-space tasks and Kernel threads. Furthermore, we evaluate CPU management strategies such as
CPU affinity and CPU isolation as potential solutions to these performance challenges. Our results
highlight that the implementation of CPU affinity can significantly reduce throughput variability by
up to 40%, decrease vBBUâs NACK ratios, and reduce vBBU scheduling latency within the Linux
RT-Kernel. Collectively, these findings underscore the potential of CPU management strategies
to enhance vBBU performance in Cloud-RAN environments, enabling more efficient and stable
network operations. The paper concludes with a discussion on the efficient realization of Cloud-RAN,
elucidating the benefits of implementing proposed CPU affinity allocations. The demonstrated
enhancements, including reduced scheduling latency and improved end-to-end throughput, affirm
the practicality and efficacy of the proposed strategies for optimizing Cloud-RAN deployments
Opportunistic CPU Sharing in Mobile Edge Computing Deploying the Cloud-RAN
Leveraging virtualization technology, Cloud-RAN
deploys multiple virtual Base Band Units (vBBUs) along with collocated applications on the same Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) server. However, the performance of real-time (RT) applications such as the vBBU could potentially be impacted by sharing computing resources with collocated workloads. To address this challenge, this paper presents a dynamic CPU sharing mechanism, specifically designed for containerized virtualization in MEC servers, that hosts both RT and non-RT general-purpose applications. Initially, the CPU sharing problem in MEC servers is formulated as a Mixed-Integer Programming (MIP). Then,
we present an algorithmic solution that breaks down the MIP
into simpler subproblems that are then solved using efficient, constant factor heuristics. We assessed the performance of this mechanism against instances of a commercial solver. Further, via
a small-scale testbed, we assessed various CPU sharing mechanisms and their effectiveness in reducing the impact of CPU
sharing indicate that our CPU sharing mechanism reduces the worstcase execution time by more than 150% compared to the default
host RT-Kernel approach. This evidence is strengthened when
evaluating this mechanism within Cloud-RAN, in which vBBUs
share resources with collocated applications on a MEC server.
Using our CPU sharing approach, the vBBUâs scheduling latency
decreases by up to 21% in comparison with the host RT-Kernel
The great eclogite debate of the Western Gneiss Region, Norwegian Caledonides: The in situ crustal v. exotic mantle origin controversy
An entertaining debate arose in the latter half of the 20th century among scientists working on the spectacular eclogite facies rocks that occur within metamorphic rocks of the Western Gneiss Region (WGR) of the Norwegian Caledonides. It resulted in part from Eskola's influential publication âOn the Eclogites of Norwayâ who concluded, incorrectly, that mafic eclogites within gneisses (external eclogites) and garnetiferous ultramafic rocks within peridotite lenses had a common origin. The debate featured two endâmember positions. One was that all these garnetâbearing assemblages, regardless of association, had an exotic origin, where they recrystallized at extremely high pressures and temperatures (PâT) in the mantle and then were tectonically inserted upward into the crust. The other was the in situ origin where this recrystallization occurred within the enclosing gneisses during regional metamorphism. Garnet peridotites and pyroxenites have compositions identical to ultramafic xenoliths in kimberlites and define PâT conditions that are appropriate to the upper mantle. Therefore, peridotite lenses were generally (and correctly) interpreted to be mantle fragments. However, some extended this exotic origin to external eclogites, particularly coarseâgrained orthopyroxeneâ (and coesiteâ) bearing eclogites, which also formed at extremely high PâT. They noted an apparent pressure and temperature disequilibrium between anhydrous eclogites and the surrounding amphibolite facies gneisses. It was generally accepted that eclogites could form only in âdryâ environments (urn:x-wiley:02634929:media:jmg12314:jmg12314-math-0001 << Ptotal). Thus, eclogites had to form within the anhydrous mantle rather than the host hydrous crust. Finally, there was doubt as to whether the necessary PâT conditions could be generated in continental crust, even when tectonically thickened. The arguments for an in situ origin were based largely on external eclogites. Thin sections showed garnet cores with amphibolite facies inclusions and rims with eclogite facies minerals suggesting prograde metamorphism. Similarly, core to rim changes in mineral chemical composition were consistent with increasing PâT. Coesite and microdiamond were found in both eclogites and host gneisses. Finally, thermobarometry showed burial depths increased from SE to NW across the WGR. Breakthroughs occurred when old assumptions were discarded. Eclogite recrystallization actually can occur in the presence of water. Eclogites and garnet peridotite and pyroxenites had completely different histories. They give different ages, formed under different PâT conditions, and have different geochemical fingerprints. The debate was finally resolved when it became generally accepted that continental crust could subduct into the mantle. Thus, it could subduct to eclogite facies depths where, simultaneously, peridotites could be inserted from the overlying mantle wedge. Both sides of the debate were correct! However, eclogites recrystallized âin situâ only because the enclosing crust was deep in the mantle and garnet peridotites did invade continental crust as solids, but only because the crust was below a mantle wedge. The âGreat Debateâ was fierce at times, but it led to the modern understanding that continental subduction is a vital part of mountain building
PRINCIPIA: Opportunistic CPU and CPU-shares Allocation for Containerized Virtualization in Mobile Edge Computing
Leveraging virtualization technology, Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) deploys multiple services with different execution time requirements running as isolated processes. For instance, both real-time (RT) and non-RT applications may be (are) running on the same infrastructure using containerized virtualization. Nevertheless, sharing resources (e.g., CPU) with collocated workloads could impact the RT performance of RT applications. This paper presents PRINCIPIA, a dynamic CPU and CPU-shares allocation mechanism that opportunistically enables non-RT applications to run on underutilized CPUs while providing RT guarantees to RT applications. By monitoring MECâs system metrics like processorâs CPU utilization and containerâs CPU usage, PRINCIPIA dynamically allocates both CPU and CPU-shares to containers running non-RT applications aiming at opportunistically exploiting underutilized CPUs by containers running RT applications. We evaluate PRINCIPIA on a small-scale MEC server which uses containerized virtualization along with Linux RT Kernel to deploy both RT and non-RT applications. Our findings show that PRINCIPIA mitigates the impact on the RT performance of RT applications providing bounded processing latency in comparison with the default host Kernel scheduler
Recycling Argon through Metamorphic Reactions: the Record in Symplectites
The 40Ar/39Ar ages of metamorphic micas that crystallized at high temperatures are commonly interpreted as cooling ages, with grains considered to have lost 40Ar via thermally-driven diffusion into the grain boundary network. Recently reported laser-ablation data suggest that the spatial distribution of Ar in metamorphic micas does not always conform to the patterns predicted by diffusion theory and that despite high metamorphic temperatures, argon was not removed efficiently from the local system during metamorphic evolution. In the Western Gneiss Region (WGR), Norway, felsic gneisses preserve microtextural evidence for the breakdown of phengite to biotite and plagioclase symplectites during near isothermal decompression from c. 20â25 to c. 8â12 kbar at ~700°C. These samples provide an ideal natural laboratory to assess whether the complete replacement of one K-bearing mineral by another at high temperatures completely âresetsâ the Ar clock, or whether there is some inheritance of 40Ar in the neo-crystallized phase. The timing of the high-temperature portion of the WGR metamorphic cycle has been well constrained in previous studies. However, the timing of cooling following the overprint is still much debated. In-situ laser ablation spot dating in phengite, biotite-plagioclase symplectites and coarser, texturally later biotite yielded 40Ar/39Ar ages that span much of the metamorphic cycle. Together these data show that despite residence at temperatures of ~700°C, Ar is not completely removed by diffusive loss or during metamorphic recrystallization. Instead, Ar released during phengite breakdown appears to be partially reincorporated into the newly crystallizing biotite and plagioclase (or is trapped in fluid inclusions in those phases) within a close system. Our data show that the microtextural and petrographic evolution of the sample being dated provides a critical framework in which local 40Ar recycling can be tracked, thus potentially allowing 40Ar/39Ar dates to be linked more accurately to metamorphic history
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