Results of the Washington Survey Questionnaire

In June of 1986, the Washington Law Review mailed a questionnaire to 1,200 law review alumni and subscribers. The purpose of this questionnaire was to determine the future format of the Washington Survey, the section of the Washington Law Review dedicated to Washington law. The results of this questionnaire are summarized below, along with our views on the future direction of the Washington Survey

Can Dispersed Biomass Processing Protect the Environment and Cover the Bottom Line for Biofuel?

This paper compares environmental and profitability outcomes for a centralized biorefinery for cellulosic ethanol that does all processing versus a biorefinery linked to a decentralized array of local depots that pretreat biomass into concentrated briquettes. The analysis uses a spatial bioeconomic model that maximizes predicted profit from crop and energy products, subject to the requirement that the biorefinery must be operated at full capacity. The model draws upon biophysical crop input-output coefficients simulated with the EPIC model, as well as input and output prices, spatial transportation costs, ethanol yields from biomass, and biorefinery capital and operational costs. The model was applied to 82 cropping systems simulated across 37 sub-watersheds in a 9-county region of southern Michigan in response to ethanol prices simulated to rise from $1.78 to$3.36 per gallon. Results show that the decentralized local biomass processing depots lead to lower profitability but better environmental performance, due to more reliance on perennial grasses than the centralized biorefinery. Simulated technological improvement that reduces the processing cost and increases the ethanol yield of switchgrass by 17% could cause a shift to more processing of switchgrass, with increased profitability and environmental benefits.Biomass production, bioenergy supply, cellulosic ethanol, environmental trade-off analysis, bioeconomic modeling, EPIC, spatial configuration, local biomass processing, Crop Production/Industries, Environmental Economics and Policy, Production Economics, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy, Q16, Q15, Q57, Q18,

A Guide to Missouri\u27s Freshwater Mussels

https://bearworks.missouristate.edu/books/1017/thumbnail.jp

Initial Response of Mature, Experienced Runners to Barefoot Running: Transition to Forefoot Strike

Introduction Forefoot strike has been advocated for many runnersbecause of the relatively lower impact and push-off forces comparedto a heel strike. The purpose of this study was to explore the abilityof mature (> 30 years old), experienced runners to transition from aheel foot strike to a forefoot strike when first introduced to barefootrunning on a treadmill. We hypothesized: 1) mature runners who heelstrike while wearing traditional training shoes would persist in heelstriking immediately following a switch to barefoot, 2) mean shoeheel-to-toe drop would be significantly greater in runners who persistin heel striking when running barefoot compared to those who transitionto a forefoot strike pattern, and 3) there would be a significantdecrease in heel striking in the barefoot condition as running speedsincreased. Methods This was a controlled crossover laboratory study. Thirty-three experienced runners (average 23.4 miles per week) withan average age of 45.6 years were recruited for this study. The participantsfirst ran in their standard running shoes and subsequentlybarefoot. A motion capture system was utilized to detect and analyzeany transition from heel strike to forefoot strike made by study participants. Results Of the 26 participants who were classified as heel strikerunners in their running shoes, 50% (13/26, p = 0.001) transitionedto forefoot strike when changing from running in shoes to runningbarefoot. Conclusions The injuries associated with transition from standardrunning shoes to barefoot running or minimalist shoes may be influencedby the persistence of heel striking in mature runners. Olderexperienced runners may have limited ability to transition from heelto forefoot striking when first introduced to barefoot running. Maturerunners should be cautious when beginning a minimalist shoe orbarefoot running regimen

Valuing Arts-based Academic Projects in a Faculty of Nursing: Experiences of Graduate Students and Supervisors

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to explore student and supervisor experiences and perspectives regarding the advantages and challenges of arts-based projects in the context of graduate nursing education programs. We define arts-based academic projects as graduate level projects that incorporate a significant artistic component, and that culminate in a final written report of a capping exercise, a thesis or a dissertation. Procedures: Three graduate students were asked to briefly summarize their arts-based academic projects and to reflect upon their experiences with their projects, noting the advantages and challenges that they encountered in the process. The students’ supervisors also reported their experiences with supervising students conducting arts-based academic projects. The resulting written reflections were collated and summarized. Results: The arts-based academic projects included a set of comics, a story-based digital education tool and a digital knowledge whiteboard animation video. All of these projects integrated visual art into products for the purpose of knowledge translation. The students and their supervisors identified numerous advantages to arts-based projects, such as being able to address the complexities of context and to engage broad audiences. They reported challenges such as misunderstanding and devaluing the nature of these less traditional academic projects. Conclusions: This study has implications for future arts-based projects that may be conducted in Schools or Faculties of Nursing. Supervisors and committee members play a key role in fostering the creativity of students, building on their strengths, and encouraging them to pursue innovative theses or capping exercises. Similarly, graduate program coordinators/associate deans of graduate programs can also support these students by encouraging and approving projects that are less conventional and by helping others understand the value of these projects. Résumé Objectif : Cet article a pour but d’explorer les expériences et les perspectives d’étudiantes et de directrices de projets quant aux avantages et aux défis inhérents aux projets de nature artistique dans le cadre de programmes d’études supérieures en sciences infirmières. Nous définissons les projets d’études de nature artistique comme étant des travaux des cycles supérieurs qui comportent un important volet artistique et aboutissent à la rédaction d’un rapport de fin d’études, d’une thèse ou d’un mémoire. Approche : Nous avons demandé à trois étudiantes des cycles supérieurs de résumer leur projet artistique et de réfléchir sur leur expérience en soulignant les avantages et les défis rencontrés au court du processus. Les directrices de ces projets étudiants ont également décrit leur expérience de suivi de projets d’études de nature artistique. Nous avons colligé les réflexions écrites pour en faire la synthèse. Résultats : Les projets d’études de nature artistique qui ont été présentés comprenaient une bande dessinée comme moyen de diffusion de résultats de recherche, un outil numérique d’apprentissage basé sur un récit pour des parents et des enfants asthmatiques ,et une vidéo d’animation numérique de partage de connaissances sur tableau blanc pour les parents d’enfants qui ont gastroentérite aiguë. Tous ces projets intégraient les arts visuels dans des produits destinés au transfert de connaissances. Les étudiantes et les directrices de projets ont soulevé de nombreux avantages liés à de tels projets, comme la possibilité de rendre compte de la complexité du contexte et d’intéresser un large public. Les défis soulignés incluaient notamment l’incompréhension et la dévalorisation de tels projets d’études moins conventionnels. Conclusions : Cette synthèse peut avoir des répercussions sur d’éventuels projets d’études de nature artistique menés dans les écoles ou les facultés de sciences infirmières. Les directrices et les membres de comités jouent un rôle prépondérant auprès des étudiantes, soit de favoriser leur créativité, de développer leurs forces et de les encourager à envisager des thèses et des rapports de fin d’études avant-gardistes. De même, les responsables et les vice-doyennes des programmes de cycles supérieurs peuvent soutenir ces étudiantes en favorisant et en approuvant des travaux moins conventionnels, tout en aidant les autres à en comprendre la valeur

A Deep Search for Pulsations from the Nearby Isolated Neutron Star RX J1856.5-3754

We present the results of a deep search for pulsations from the nearby isolated neutron star RX J1856.5-3754 using the 450 ks Director's Discretionary Time Chandra observation completed on 2001 Oct 15. No pulsations were detected. We find a 99% confidence upper limit on the pulsed fraction of ~4.5% for worst-case sinusoidal pulsations with frequency <~50 Hz and frequency derivatives -5x10^-10 <= f-dot <= 0 Hz/s. The non-detection of pulsations is most likely due to an unfavorable viewing angle or emitting geometry. Such emitting geometries are much more likely to occur for more ``compact'' neutron stars which show increased gravitational light-bending effects. In this case, the non-detection implies a radius/mass ratio for RX J1856.5-3754 of R/M <~10 km/Msun.Comment: Accepted by ApJ Letters 2002 April

Locating and eliminating feral swine from a large area of fragmented mixed forest and agriculture habitats in north-central USA

Illinois is one of the US states where elimination of feral swine (Sus scrofa) was determined practical, as only a few isolated populations were established. A particularly important step towards feral swine elimination from Illinois was to eliminate the population in Fulton County. We describe the approaches applied to systematically detect, locate, and eliminate feral swine in a successful county-wide elimination. Detecting and locating feral swine was facilitated by extensive outreach activities, aerial surveys to locate crop damage, and use of camera traps placed over bait in areas where reports, sign, or crop damage occurred. The population was eliminated after 376 feral swine were removed from 2009 to 2016 by trapping, sharpshooting over bait, and aerial shooting. Aerial surveys efficiently located feral swine activity over wide areas during times of the crop cycle when damage would occur and would be most distinguishable from other damage sources. Two applications of aerial shooting in 2014 were particularly efficient for rapidly eliminating most remaining feral swine after they had become difficult to locate and remove. Persistent efforts thereafter led to the successful elimination of feral swine in Fulton County by 2016.We believe this is the first documentation of a widespread feral swine elimination in mixed agriculture and forest habitats