Transfinite mean value interpolation in general dimension

AbstractMean value interpolation is a simple, fast, linearly precise method of smoothly interpolating a function given on the boundary of a domain. For planar domains, several properties of the interpolant were established in a recent paper by Dyken and the second author, including: sufficient conditions on the boundary to guarantee interpolation for continuous data; a formula for the normal derivative at the boundary; and the construction of a Hermite interpolant when normal derivative data is also available. In this paper we generalize these results to domains in arbitrary dimension

Vurdering i kroppsøving: ny læreplan og forekomst av RAE ved karaktersetting. En kvantitativ undersøkelse i videregående skole. Assessment in physical education: new curriculum and occurrence of RAE by grading. Quantitative research in high school.

Masteroppgave - Lektor i kroppsøving og idrettsfag - 202

Økonomisk vekst - medisin mot dårlig miljø?

Publisert med tillatelse fra Samfunnsøkonomenes foreningMange utslipp øker først i takt med økonomisk vekst, for så å gå ned. Betyr det at den økonomiske veksten vil løse miljøproblemene, bare vi blir rike nok? Og hva er de underliggende drivkreftene som bidrar til at miljøet blir bedre når økonomien vokser? Mange forurensningsproblemer har blitt betydelig redusert de siste tiårene, først og fremst som følge av bedre utnytting av ressursene og rensing av utslipp. De mest optimistiske setter sin lit til at teknologiutviklingen vil bli den endelige løsningen på mange miljøproblemer, mens mer bekymrede innenfor miljøbevegelsen frykter at konsum- og produksjonsveksten vil kjøre økologien mot et sammenbrudd. I modellbergninger finner vi et sammensatt bilde i de kommende tiårene. I Norge vil vi kunne få både økonomisk vekst og fall i lokale og regionale forurensninger. Utslippene av klimagasser ser imidlertid ut til fortsatt å stige, men mindre enn den økonomiske veksten. I tillegg til teknologiforbedringer vil også produksjonsstrukturen bli mer miljøvennlig, først og fremst på grunn av en nedskalering av oljesektoren. Men vi kan komme til å importere mer av den skitne produksjonen til eget konsum og redusere forurensende eksportrettet produksjon, slik at endringer i norsk økonomi medfører økte utslipp i andre land

Multiple instruments to change energy behaviour : the emperor's new clothes

Abstract: Over the last few decades, several instruments have evolved to deal with similar energy and environmental challenges. For instance, the economic literature prescribes separate tax or cap-and-trade systems to internalize negative environmental externalities and subsidies to internalize positive externalities such as R&D. However, policy is not straightforward because of the influence on cost and competition and concerns for regional employment, economic activity within certain industries, and any distributional effects. Tax discrimination, subsidies and regulations then undermine the efficiency of energy instruments. To balance any environmental concerns, other instruments, including green and white certificates, have been created. While innovative, these work as simple combinations of taxes and subsidies. While the extant literature thoroughly analyzes the partial effects of these instruments, there has been little focus on their basics and the effects of aggregate taxes and subsidies. This complexity calls for research on the efficiency of each instrument, including the administration and transaction costs associated with holding a large set of instruments. We should consider the coordination and simplification of policy tools before complicating the system further by introducing new, primarily equivalent, instruments. Keywords: energy instruments, taxes, subsidies, green certificates, white certificates, carbon taxesThe paper is based on a project partly funded by the Norwegian Research Counci

Greenhouse gas emissions in Norway : do carbon taxes work?

Abstract: During the last decade, Norway has carried out an ambitious climate policy. The main policy tool is a relatively high carbon tax, which was implemented already in 1991. Data for the development in CO2 emissions since then provide a unique opportunity to evaluate carbon taxes as a policy tool. To reveal the driving forces behind the changes in the three most important climate gases, CO2, methane and N2O in the period 1990-1999, we decompose the actually observed emissions changes, and use an applied general equilibrium simulation to look into the specific effect of carbon taxes. Although total emissions have increased, we find a significant reduction in emissions per unit of GDP over the period due to reduced energy intensity, changes in the energy mix and reduced process emissions. Despite considerable taxes and price increases for some fuel-types, the carbon tax effect has been modest. While the partial effect from lower energy intensity and energy mix changes was a reduction in CO2 emissions of 14 percent, the carbon taxes contributed to only 2 percent reduction. This relatively small effect relates to extensive tax exemptions and relatively inelastic demand in the sectors in which the tax is actually implemented. Keywords: Greenhouse gas emissions, carbon taxes, applied general equilibrium mode

Øremerking kan styrke aksepten for klimaavgifter

Klimaavgifter møter motstand i Norge og i andre land, selv om klimaavgifter er det mest kostnadseffektive virkemidlet og helt nødvendig for å oppnå klimamålene. I dag avviker norsk klimaavgiftspolitikk fortsatt kraftig fra prinsippet om kostnadseffektivitet. Vi har gått gjennom internasjonale studier om øremerking og aksept for klimaavgifter, og gjennomført en spørreundersøkelse i Norge om temaet. Vi finner at målrettet bruk av avgiftsinntektene vil kunne øke aksepten betydelig for klimaavgifter i befolkningen. Men i motsetning til det som synes å være gjengs oppfatning, er ikke folk opptatt av at inntektene skal tilbakebetales til lavinntektsgrupper eller folk flest. Aksepten øker mest om inntektene går til ulike former for klimatiltak. Våre funn gir støtte til å endre avgiftssystemet i retning av en mer effektiv klimapolitikk, både ved å øke avgiftene, og ved å redusere andre markedssvikter, for eksempel ved støtte klimavennlig teknologiutvikling.publishedVersio

Transportanalyse og samfunnsøkonomi, Intercitystrekningene på Østlandet : grunnlagsdokument, KVU for IC-området

Medforfattere: Christian Grorud og Nicolai Helda

Technological changes in the pulp and paper industry and the role of uniform versus selective environmental policy

Abstract: Although environmental regulations may imply a cost increase on firm's conventional input factors, such regulations could stimulate the incentives to improve factor productivity. Productivity measures including indicators capturing environmental improvements may also show higher or lower progress than productivity measures ignoring environmental aspects. We apply a Malmquist productivity index approach on micro data for the Norwegian pulp and paper industry, and find that the overall productivity growth accounting for changes in emissions of COD to water is higher than the growth in the productivity measure including conventional inputs only. We find the opposite result when including emissions of acids and climate gases to air. This is probably due to environmental regulations with opposing effects on different emissions. A decomposition of the Malmquist index into a technical efficiency change factor and a technical change component shows that the frontier technology has changed, while the average distance to the frontier has increased. Keywords: Emissions, Productivity change, Paper and pulp, Malmquist index, Frontier technolog

Transfinite mean value interpolation in general dimension

AbstractMean value interpolation is a simple, fast, linearly precise method of smoothly interpolating a function given on the boundary of a domain. For planar domains, several properties of the interpolant were established in a recent paper by Dyken and the second author, including: sufficient conditions on the boundary to guarantee interpolation for continuous data; a formula for the normal derivative at the boundary; and the construction of a Hermite interpolant when normal derivative data is also available. In this paper we generalize these results to domains in arbitrary dimension